2.3_Carbon_Compounds
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Transcript 2.3_Carbon_Compounds
1.Review- Name four
groups of organic
compounds found in
living things
Explain- Describe at
least one function of
each group of organic
compounds
Infer- Why are proteins
considered polymers
but lipids not
2.Observe- What atoms
constitute the
compound above
Classify- what class of
macromolecules does
the compound belong
to
CH 2 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
2.3 Carbon Compounds
Organic chemistry means the study of compounds
that contain bonds between carbon atoms, while
inorganic chemistry is the study of all other
compounds
In the early 1800s, many chemists called the
compounds created by organisms “organic,”
believing they were fundamentally different from
compounds in nonliving things.
The Chemistry of Carbon
Have four valence electrons
Allows
them to form 4 strong covalent bonds with
many other elements
Living organisms are made up of molecules that
consist of carbon and other elements.
The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon atoms can also bond to carbon atoms
Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or
triple covalent bonds
Chains of carbon atoms can also form rings.
Macromolecules
Made from 1000’s or even
100,000’s of smaller
molecules
Formed by a process known
as polymerization
Large compounds are built
by joining smaller ones
together.
Macromolecules
Monomers
The
smaller units
Polymers
When
the
monomers join
together.
Macromolecules
Sorted into groups based on their chemical
composition
Four major groups are Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Nucleic acids, and Proteins.
Carbohydrates
Only contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Always the same ration CH2O
Sugars are the subunits and may vary in number of
carbons it contains
To make a carb., hook many sugars together.
Simple Sugars
Monosaccharides
Single
sugar molecules
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Disaccharide
Compound
made of two single sugars
Sucrose
Not all sugars are sweet.
Uses of Carbohydrates
Energy
Storage
Building.
Carbohydrates
Store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates. The
monomers in starch polymers are sugar molecules,
such as glucose.
Complex Carbohydrates
Large macromolecules formed from
monosaccharides are known as polysaccharides.
Complex Carbohydrates
Starch
Energy
storage in plants, human food source
Cellulose
Structure
in plants, humans cannot digest
Glycogen
Energy
storage in animals.
Lipids
Only contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Consists of long Carbon chains with Hydrogens
attached
Very efficient at storing energy- 2X per mass as
carbs.
Other Uses of Lipids
Cholesterol
Hormones
Steroids
Phospholipids.
Lipids
Formed when a glycerol molecule combines with
compounds called fatty acids.
Lipids
Saturated
Each
carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chains is joined
to another carbon atom by a single bond
Unsaturated
At
least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid
Polyunsaturated
Contain
more than one double bond.
Lipids
Unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room
temperature
Saturated fatty acids tend to be solid at room
temperature.
Nucleic Acids
Used for hereditary
information
Made of Nucleotides
Contain
a phosphate,
sugar, and nitrogen base
Nucleotides join together
to form Nucleic acids.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to
form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
Two kinds of nucleic acids:
Ribonucleic
acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Protein
Used for muscle, cell
structure, and enzymes
Formed using the subunit
Amino Acids
Always have the pattern
N-C-C.
Amino Acids
20 different amino acids
Plants can make all 20, we can’t
Amino group (–NH2) on one end and a carboxyl
group (–COOH) on the other.
Making a Protein
Peptide Bonds
Covalent
bonds link amino acids together to form a
polypeptide.
Levels of Organization
Proteins have four levels of
structure
Primary structure is the
sequence of its amino acids
Secondary structure is the
folding or coiling of the
polypeptide chain.
Levels of Organization
Tertiary structure is the
complete, three-dimensional
arrangement of a polypeptide
chain
Quaternary structure is the
arrangement of multiple
polypeptides
Hemoglobin
has four subunits (4
polypeptides).