Transcript Chapter 2

Goal 2 Notes: Organic Chemistry
Elements
8/23/11
I. Elements
A. a pure substance that
contains only ONE type of atom
•There are 118 known elements
•Ex: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen,
hydrogen
B. represented by symbols
•Hydrogen – H
•Carbon – C
•Oxygen – O
•Nitrogen – N
Living Things are made of only
certain elements!
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
65%
18.5%
9.65%
3.3%
• This is a chunk of the
element carbon. It
contains MANY
carbon atoms.
• This is one
atom of the
element
CARBON.
• Carbon atoms
always have 6
protons and 6
neutrons.
This is one atom of
the element Sulfur.
Sulfur always has
16 protons and 16
neutrons.
This is a lump of the element
Sulfur. It contains many sulfur
atoms. All of the atoms in this
have 16 protons and 16 neutrons.
II. Compound
A. a substance
that is made
up of two or
more elements
–Ex: Water,
H2O
B. Chemical formula –
shorthand method
for writing
compound
– Ex: H2O
Subscript next to
the letter refers to
the number of
atoms of that
element
Picture: NaCl, salt
H2SO4
HCl
H2O2
NaOH
C6H12O6
Goal 3 Notes:
Chemicals in
Organisms
Macromolecules
8/24/11
Periodic Table gets new elements (but no one knows what they do)
By Tom Peck
Wednesday, 8 June 2011
They have existed for less than a second each, but two new elements have been added
to the Periodic Table.
Evidence for the existence of the two elements, the heaviest yet to be included, has
been mounting for several years. A number of research teams had claimed to have
produced the heavy elements by smashing together the nuclei of lighter atoms. But it
took a three-year review before they received official status.
The teams behind the discoveries will be invited to suggest names for the new
elements, and unless particularly outlandish requests are made, they are likely to be
accepted. An announcement is expected soon.
Scientists have been unable to ascertain much about the properties of the new
elements. "The quantities produced were very small and did not exist for very long,"
said Dr Karol. "Elements need to remain stable for almost a minute before much useful
observation can be made of them."
Plutonium, with an atomic number of 94, is the heaviest naturally occurring element.
All the elements heavier than this, including Einsteinium, Rutherfordium and
Californium, have been produced synthetically and decay rather rapidly.
III. Macromolecules
A. made of thousands of small molecules
B. formed by polymerization – large
compounds built by joining smaller ones
1. monomer = smaller molecule
2. polymer = larger molecule
C. 4 main organic
groups
1.
Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Proteins
Saturation:
When every
Carbon is
attached to 2
Hydrogens
An unsaturated fat
contains
Carbons that are
attached to only
1 Hydrogen
3. Nucleic
acids
• Made of H, O, N, C
and phosphorus
• Polymer of
nucleotides
– Nucleotide = 1 5-C
sugar, P-group, and
nitrogenous base
Ex: DNA and RNA
– Holds genetic info
– DNA – deoxyribose
– RNA – ribose
4. Proteins (polypeptides)
• Made of N, C, H, O
• made up of amino acids –
compounds with amino group
(NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH)
• R-Group differs in each amino acid
• Connected by peptide bonds
a. protein function
1. control the rate of reactions and
regulate cell processes
2. Form bone and muscle
3. Transport substances in or out of cell
through cell membrane
b. protein structure – 4 levels
• 1st level: sequence of amino acids in chain
• 2nd level: amino acids in chain
twisted/folded
• 3rd level: chain twisted/folded
• 4th level: more than one chain together
Goal 4 Notes: Chemicals in
Organisms
Enzyme/Substrate
Action
8/25/11
Living Things are made of only
certain elements!
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
65%
18.5%
9.65%
3.3%
I. Chemical Reactions
A. Process that changes
chemicals into new
chemicals by
breaking bonds and
forming new ones
B. reactants – starting
chemicals
C. products – ending,
new chemicals
Two Types of Chemical
Reactions:
1. Anabolic- build up of organic
molecules
Ex:
•
•
Making proteins within the cell for
the body
Plants making food using
photosynthesis
2. Catabolic- breakdown of
organic molecules
ex: digestion of food to
provide energy/nutrients for
body
II. Enzymes: Organic Catalyst
A. Enzyme – proteins
that act as catalysts
B. Catalyst- chemical
that speeds up a
chemical reaction
- chemical reactions
take place in cells
C. Enzyme Action
1. Enzyme-substrate complex
•Active site – place where reactant binds
•Substrate – chemical that binds to
enzyme