Transcript Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

Meaning and Characteristics of the
Italian Renaissance
► Renaissance=Rebirth
► Jacob
Burkhardt
 Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)
► Age
of Recovery
► Emphasis on individual ability
The Making of Renaissance Society
► Economic
Recovery
 Manufacturing
►Textiles,
printing, mining and metallurgy
► Banking
 Florence and the Medici
The Italian Renaissance
► Many
people believed they were living in the
second coming of Classical Society (GrecoRoman)
► Other people believed they were entering
into a completely new era
► Almost everyone believed that they were
leaving an old “dark” time period
Greco/Roman-Middle Ages-Renaissance
What brought about the
Renaissance?
► Venice
became very rich from the Crusades,
particularly the 4th Crusade and riches of
Constantinople.
► Italian states benefited from trade with the
Middle East
► Better ships were built that could carry
more cargo, easier
The Italian States in the Renaissance
► Five
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Major Powers
Milan
Venice
Florence
The Papal States
Kingdom of Naples
► Independent
 Mantua
 Ferrera
 Urbino
City-States
Florence
What are they looking at?
A Renaissance Banquet
► First
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Course:
Pieces of marzipan and marzipan balls
Neapolitan spice cakes
Malaga wine and Pisan biscuits
Fresh grapes
Prosciutto cooked in wine, served w/ capers
Salted pork tongues, cooked in wine sliced
Spit-roasted songbirds, cold with their tongues
sliced over them
A Renaissance Banquet
► Second
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Course:
Fried veal sweetbreads (throat, stomach) and liver
Spit-roasted skylarks with lemon sauce
Spit-roasted quails with sliced eggplants
Stuffed spit-roasted pigeons with capers
Spit-roasted rabbits, with sauce and crushed pine nuts
Partridges larded and spit-roasted served w lemon
Heavily seasoned poultry w lemon slices
Slices of veal, spit-roasted (Au jus sauce)
Leg of goat, spit-roasted (Au jus sauce)
Soup of Almond paste, with the flesh of three pigeons
to each serving
► Third
A Renaissance Banquet
Course:
 Stuffed fat geese, boiled Lombard style (w/ pork
sausage) and covered w/ sliced almonds
 Stuffed breast of veal, boiled
 Very young calf, boiled
 Almonds in garlic sauce
 Turkish-style rice with milk, sprinkled with cinnamon
 Stewed pigeons with mortadella sausage and whole
onions
 Cabbage soup with sausages
 Poultry pie, two chickens to each pie
 Fricasseed breast of goat dressed with fried onions
(Stew)
 Pies filled with custard cream
 Boiled calves’ feet with cheese and egg
A Renaissance Banquet
► 4th
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Course
Bean tarts
Quince pastries (Like apples/pears)
Pear tarts, the pears wrapped in marzipan
Parmesan cheese and Riviera cheese
Fresh almonds on vine leaves
Chestnuts (Roasted, salt and pepper)
Milk curds
Ring shaped cakes (mmmm, donuts)
Wafers make from ground grain (mmm, wheat
thins)
The Birth of Modern Diplomacy
► Modern
Diplomacy is a product of
Renaissance Italy
► Changing concept of the ambassador
 Resident ambassadors
 Agents of the territorial state
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
► Niccolo
Machiavelli (1469-1527)
 The Prince
 Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of
political power
Art in the Early Renaissance
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Emphasized individual
talent in painting,
sculpture, architecture,
literature and music
Architecture returned
to the domes and
columns of ancient
Greece and Rome
*Tempera paint (water
color) dried too quickly,
but oil water colors
allowed artists to
correct mistakes
because of its slow
drying time.
*The new techniques
include using oil paints
to paint on fresh
plaster, creating, a new
unique type of fresco
Old Art Compared to New Art
► The
medieval artists
often painted bland
two dimensional
pictures (top).
► The Renaissance
artists painted
luscious three
dimensional
pictures (bottom).
Giotto
► Represented
the spirit
of the beginning of the
Renaissance
► Frescoes
Masaccio
► Realistic
portrayal of
cripples and beggars
was revolutionary in
his time
► Followed the stylized
sculptures of Donatello
► Great ability to express
emotion
Masaccio
► Frescoes-Santa
► Trinity>
Maria Novella
Paolo Uccello
Antonio Polliauolo
Sandro Botticelli
► Discovered
by Lorenzo
de Medici
► Developed a new kind
of art
 Fantasy and Desire
Botticelli’s Primavera (1480)
Botticelli’s Birth of Venus
Botticelli’s Venus and Mars
Donatello
► One
of the most
famous sculptors from
the Renaissance
► David-Originally
considered an outrage
► St. John
the Baptist
San Lorenzo
► Parish
church of the
Medici family
► Donatello pulpits
► The Martyrdom of St.
Lawrence
Medici Chapel
Leonardo da Vinci
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Accomplished in arts and
sciences
Ultimate Renaissance Man
Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man
Vitruvian Man
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a palm is the width of four fingers
a foot is the width of four palms
a cubit is the width of six palms
a man's height is four cubits (and thus 24 palms)
a pace is four cubits
the length of a man's outspread arms is equal to his height
the distance from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one-tenth of a man's height
the distance from the top of the head to the bottom of the chin is one-eighth of a man's
height
the maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of a man's height
the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is one-fifth of a man's height
the distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eight of a man's height
the length of the hand is one-tenth of a man's height
the distance from the bottom of the chin to the nose is one-third of the length of the
face
the distance from the hairline to the eyebrows is one-third of the length of the face
the length of the ear is one-third of the length of the face
The Virgin of the Rocks
Lady with an Ermine
Raphael
► Influenced
by da Vinci
and Michelangelo
► Often painted
Madonna and Jesus
► Most well known
painting
 School of Athens
Raphael’s School of Athens
Michelangelo Buonarroti
► Musician,
Poet, Painter,
Sculptor
► Age 29-sculpted David
► Pieta-Only signed work
► Sistine Chapel
 Despised the task,
which was ordered by
Pope Julius II
 Considered by many to
be his greatest
accomplishment
Pieta
David
Sistine Chapel
The Last Judgement
Sistine Chapel
► The
Ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel
-40x133 feet ceiling
-68 feet high
scaffolding
-Four years to
complete
-He almost went blind
and ruined his health
Giovanni Bellini-Venetian
Titian
► Venetian
artist
► Studied under the
tutelage of Giovanni
Bellini
► World-renowned>
 Assumption of the
Madonna
► Women
tended to have
auburn-colored hair in
his paintings
Titian
Vittore Carpaccio
Jan van Eyck
► Flemish
painter
► Wanted to paint the world realistically
► Achieved new and remarkable effects using
oil paints.
► Most well known piece of art
 Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
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The placement of the two figures suggests conventional gender roles – the woman stands near the
bed and well into the room, symbolic of her role as the caretaker, whereas the man stands near the
open window, symbolic of the outside world. Giovanni looks directly out at the viewer, his wife gazes
obediently at her husband.
The oranges on the chest below the window may refer to fertility and symbolize the purity and
innocence that reigned in the Garden of Eden before the Fall of Man. They are also a token of
prosperity, since these fruits could be afforded only by the wealthy few.
The cast-aside clogs are possibly a gesture of respect for the wedding ceremony and also indicate
that this event is taking place on holy ground. Husbands traditionally presented brides with clogs.
The little dog symbolizes fidelity.
The green of the woman’s dress symbolises hope, possibly the hope of becoming a mother and her
white cap signifies purity.
Behind the pair, the curtains of the marriage bed have been opened, depicting that the couple have
been visited and blessed by the Trinity. The red curtains allude to the physical act of love, the carnal
union of the married couple.
The contrast between red and green, which appear side by side in the painting, suggest the coming
together of opposites.
The single candle in the left rear holder of the ornate seven-branched chandelier, is possibly the
candle that the bride gave to the groom. This was a traditional Flemish marriage custom. Oddly lit in
broad daylight, the candle alludes to the ever-present light of God.
On the bedpost is a tiny ornament of the statue of Saint Margaret, patron saint of childbirth, and from
that hangs a brush which symbolic of domestic care. Furthermore, the brush and the rosary (a
popular wedding gift) appearing together on either side of the mirror may also allude to the dual
Christian injunctions ora et labora (pray and work).
The inscription above the mirror announces that Johannes de Eyck fuit hic (Jan van Eyck was here),
that he was there to capture the wedding. The artist signature is lettered in flourished script normally
used for legal documents. The picture’s purpose, then, seems to have been to record and sanctify this
marriage and thus acting as a marriage certificate.
The small medallions set into the mirror frame show tiny scenes from the Passion of Christ and
represent God’s promise of salvation for the figures reflected on the mirror’s convex surface, which in
turn, represent the eye of the Christian God observing the vows of the wedding.
A spotless mirror was itself an established symbol of Mary, referring to the Holy Virgin’s immaculate
conception and purity.
Pieter Bruegel
► Flemish
painter
► Inspired by everyday
scenes of country
landscapes and
peasants
Albrecht Durer
Durer-Adoration of the Magi
Hans Holbein the Younger
Modern Renaissance Humanism
► You
are to draw a picture of your own humanistic
traits, beliefs, ideas, etc.
► You are to draw the picture in the style of
Renaissance artists
► No stick figures!
► Must be in color!
► Must be appropriate-No nude pictures
► Include on the back a paragraph describing how
the picture is a representation of your present
humanism!
The Da Vinci Code
► Bestselling
novel written by Dan Brown
► Why is it so controversial
 Brown’s novel raises many troubling questions about the
people and events involved in the possible birth of
Jesus’ own child to the church and it’s role in a possible
cover up.
 Did the ancient church conspire to transform the man
Jesus into a deity?
 Did Constantine promote Christ’s divinity by selecting
certain gospels for the New Testament canon?
 Was Mary Magdalene Jesus’ wife and the mother of his
child?
 Has the church suppressed evidence of their
relationship down through the centuries?