Transcript Classification

Classification
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Section:
Slide # 2
Important Vocabulary
1. Taxonomy: science of classification
2. Binomial nomenclature: two name naming system
3. Prokaryotic: cells without nucleus
4. Eukaryotic: cells with a nucleus
5. Autotroph: organism capable capturing energy from
sunlight or chemicals & produces its own food
6. Heterotroph: organism that obtains its energy from
food it consumes
Finding Order in Diversity
Slide # 3
Why organisms are given scientific names-a. Common names are misleading
b. To study the diversity of life
jellyfish
silverfish
None of these animals are fish!
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star fish
Slide # 4
Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms
Some organisms have several common names
This cat is commonly
known as:
•Florida panther
•Mountain lion
•Puma
•Cougar
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of one color”
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Section:
Slide # 5
Aristotle: The First to Classify
Grouped organisms together that
were not related.
System remained unchanged for
almost 2,000 years.
Aristotle grouped jellyfish & clown
fish together because they lived in
the water. However, these
organisms are not closely related.
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Section:
Slide # 6
Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy
1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system
of classification – binomial nomenclature
a. Two name naming system
 Genus and species
 Genus: noun species: adjective
 Genus capitalized
 species not capitalized
 Both names are italicized or
underlined
 EX: Gray wolf: Canis lupus
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Section:
Carolus
Linnaeus
Slide # 7
Most
Inclusive
Linnaeus’s System is Hierarchical
Kingdom
1.
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Least
Inclusive
Species
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Section:
2.
Which of the following contains all of the
others?
a.
Family
c.
Class
b.
Species
d.
Order
Based on their names, you know that
the baboons Papio annubis and Papio
cynocephalus do not belong to the
same:
a.
Family
c. Order
b.
Genus
d. Species
Slide # 8
Hierarchical Ordering of Classification
Grizzly bear Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Coral Sea star
Abert
squirrel snake
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
As we move from the
kingdom level to the
species level, more and
more members are
excluded – species is
least inclusive!
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
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Cladograms verses Phylogenetic Trees
•
•
“Y” shaped diagram
Bony fish; paired fins
Jawed fish & cartilage
jawless
Cladogram: shows where
novel characteristics
originate that separate one
group from the rest. •
•
Phylogenetic tree: shows the
paths taken by populations of
organisms through many
generations and over long
periods of time. -- branching
Slide # 9
Phylogenetic Trees
1. Practice reading a
phylogenetic tree
European otter
3. The striped skunk most closely related to: ______________________
Order
4. Cats and wolves are classified in the same ______________
Genus
5. Wolves and dogs are classified in the same ________________
Slide # 10
Using Molecular Data to Classify
1. How closely related one species is to another can be
measured by comparing their genes and gene products.
(proteins)
2. The more closely related two species are, the more
similar their DNA base sequences for a gene (protein).
3. Can compare nucleotide sequence (for a gene) or the
amino acid sequence (for a protein)
Slide #11
Example of Using Molecular Data
The table shows a comparison of some amino acids found in cytochrome c.
The two organisms in the table that are most closely related are —
A Q and T
C Q and R
Answer: Q & R
B R and S
D Q and S
Comparing Q & T: 10% difference
Comparing R & S: 9% difference
Comparing Q & S: 6% difference
Comparing R & T: 13% difference
Comparing Q & R: 3% difference
Comparing S & T: 4% difference
Slide # 12
Using a Taxonomic Key
1. Also called a dichotomous key
2. Consists of a series of paired descriptions
3. Begin with the first pair of descriptions; decide which
is most appropriate
4. Continue until all the pairs have been exhausted, or
until you identify the specimen
Slide # 13
Example of a Taxonomic Key
Worm 1 belongs to which category?
A. Acanthocephala C. Lumbricus
B. Ascaris
D. Nais
Answer:
Lumbricus