Transcript Biology

Classification of Living Organisms
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Classification: To group according to like traits
Biodiversity: All the different types of
organisms living in one area
Why is this needed?
5 million organisms have already been
classified BUT…7 to 8 million still need
discovered
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There is still a lot to classify……..
This furry lobster is so
distinct a new family and
genus had to be created.
Found 2300 meters deep in
the South Pacific ocean!!!
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Aristotle: Greek philosopher (384 - 322 B.C.)
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Aristotle created the 1st system of classification
Aristotle divided all living organisms into two
main groups based on physical traits:
Plants (structure)
Animals (habitat)
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Good start but……….
What about:
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Carl Linnaeus’ system of
classification (1700s): still
used today!!!
Binomial Nomenclature
Bi = 2
Nomial = name
Nomenclature = naming
system
In other words…a two-name
(2-word) naming system
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We call this two-word name a scientific name
Example: What is the scientific name of
a human?
Homo sapien
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What does a Puma, Cougar
and Mountain Lion have in
They
are
all
the
common?
SAME organisms
just with
Cougar………….
DIFFERENT
common names!!!
Puma…………….
Mountain Lion…..
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Common names are different
names for the same
organism based on where
they live.
Puma, cougar, mountain lion,
catamount, panther, mountain
screamer, painter…
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Since they are all the same
organisms they all have the
same scientific name…………
Felis concolor or Felis concolor
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Scientific names are universally
used or used around the world
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8 Division of Classification:
**Largest, Broadest to Smallest, most Specific**
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Did King Phillip Come
Over For Grape Soda?
Do Kind People Cheer
Only For Greensburg
Salem?
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3 Domains:
1. Archaebacteria: “Ancient Bacteria”
-First living cells, live in extreme conditions
-Known as EXTREMOPHILES
-live in swamps, guts of animals, salty oceans,
volcanic vents and hot springs
2. Eubacteria: “True Bacteria”
-Affects your everyday life causing
tooth decay, spoils our food, causes illness
-Evolved from Archaebacteria
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3. Eukarya: “True Nucleus”
-Contains all organisms whose cells
contain a nucleus (“brain” of cell, contains DNA)
Protista:
Eukarya
Domain is
divided
into 4
Kingdoms:
Fungi:
Plantae:
Animalia:
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Kingdom
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Unicellular
Autotrophic
Prok aryotic
Made
up without
of
only
one
cell
Makes
own
food
Cells
a nucleus
Unicellular/Multicellular
Photosynthesis
Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Made
up with
of many
cells
Heterotrophic
Cells
a nucleus
Nonmobile/Mobile
Obtains food from other
sources
Autotroph/Heterotroph
Other (repro., habitat)
Examples
Additional Notes
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Linnaeus' System of Classification
Eukarya
Domain
Grizzly Black Giant
bear
bear panda
Coral Sea
Red Abert
fox squirrel snake star
Levels of
each
Domain=
taxon
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Linnaeus' System of Classification
The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive of
Linnaeus' taxonomic categories.
Grizzly
bear
Black
bear
Giant
panda
Red
fox
Abert
squirrel
Coral
snake
Sea
star
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Linnaeus' System of Classification
 A Kingdom is made up of several different Phylum.
Grizzly
bear
Black
bear
Giant
panda
PHYLUM
Red
fox
Abert
squirrel
Coral
snake
Chordata
Subphylums: Invertebrates (lack backbone)
Vertebrates (has a backbone)
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Linnaeus' System of Classification
A Phylum is made up of several different Classes.
Grizzly
bear
Black
bear
Giant
panda
Red
fox
Abert
squirrel
Class Mammalia
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Linnaeus' System of Classification
A Class is made up of several different Orders.
Grizzly
bear
Black
bear
Giant
panda
Red
fox
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Linnaeus' System of Classification
An Order is made up of several different Families.
Grizzly
bear
Black
bear
Giant
panda
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Linnaeus' System of Classification
Each Family is divided into different Genus and Species.
Grizzly
bear
Black
bear
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Linnaeus' System of Classification
 Species: Most specific division of classification
-Organisms of the same species can
successfully reproduce viable offspring.
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Species can be further divided into subspecies:
Breeds:
Races:
Varieties:
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Scientific Names:
-2-word name
-based on the two most specific
divisions of classification:
GENUS AND SPECIES
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Rules for writing Scientific Names:
1. First word is the Genus and it is
always capitalized.
2. Second word is the species and it is
always lower case.
3. The entire name is underlined or
italicized.
Ursus arctos
or
Ursus arctos
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Hybrids:
Organisms of the same genus but
different species reproduce and produce
offspring that are “usually” sterile
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LIGER
A liger is the offspring of a
lion and a tigress. It is
bigger than either parent,
10 - 12 ft in length - making
it the biggest hybrid cat
and, for many people, the
most fascinating.
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Tigon
A tigon is the offspring
of a tiger and a lioness.
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s
Beefalo is a species
cross between Bison
(buffalo) and domestic
cattle of any breed. The
purpose of the species
cross was to blend the
outstanding qualities of
the Bison with
outstanding qualities of
the bovine breeds of the
world.
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A Zebroid is a cross
between a zebra and any
other equid: essentially, a
zebra hybrid. They are
also known as zebra
mules. In general, the sire
is a zebra stallion..
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Zebroid: Shetland Pony and a
Zebra
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Eubacteria
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STOP HERE MRS. RED!!!!
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Aristotle based his system
on: structure for plants and
habitat for animals.
Linnaeus based his system
on: just structures
(morphology-study of form &
structure)
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Modern scientists (taxonomists)
who study taxonomy (science of
naming, describing, & classifying
organisms) use the following:
1. Homologous Structures
-similar structures with
different functions
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2. Evidence from
Genetics/Biochemistry
Common or similar DNA codes or
proteins
Analysis of the DNA sequence
determined that the monkey's DNA code
is about 93 percent similar to the human
DNA code!!!
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3. Similarities in embryonic development.
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4. Phylogeny-evolutionary history of an
organism
Evolution


How we came into existence
How we related to those in the past
Driving force of evolution = natural selection
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BIG Ideas in Evolution:
A.
DNA holds the code of life to make Proteins which
give us traits
 Mutations which alter DNA then alter these Proteins
 Most mutations are evolutionary neutral
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B. Natural Selection
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C. Speciation
 Occurs when 1 population is isolated from another
population (usually geological)
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D. Selective breeding and biotechnology contribute to
the deliberate changing of the genetic makeup of a
population
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5. Fossil Records- shows development of
organisms throughout time
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Two approaches to Phylogenetic Classification:
1. Systematics-organizes the
diversity of living things
based on context of
evolution
Based on:
Fossils, homologous
structures, embryology,
genetics, biochemistry
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Creates a Phylogenetic/genic Tree
-Each successive group (taxon) should
be represented by finer and finer
branches all stemming from a common
ancestor
-Creates a “tree of life”
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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2. Creating a cladogram
Uses certain features of an organism called
shared derived characteristics
-features that apparently evolved only
within the group under consideration
Example: Feathers…..
birds are the only animals that have feathers therefore
it separates it from all other vertebrates.
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