Transcript INDUSTRI MIKROBIOLOGI PRA 1800-an

Early Methods
Drying/Dessication/Dehydration
- Sun / Wind / Ovens
- Meat and Fruit
For a 20 lb. ham:
o
3 Tablespoons Brown Sugar
o
2 Tablespoons Black Pepper
o
1 Teaspoon Red Pepper
o
2 Cups Salt
Mix the ingredients together and rub onto the skin-on ham, paying
special attention to the hock. Then the ham is wrapped in paper, then
wrapped in cloth, then placed in a cloth bag and hung with the hock
down. The ham is hung in a well ventilated, dark and secure building. The
ham "drips" for about two months and is ready to eat in about 6 to 9
months and is edible for 3 to 4 years. Hams continued to stay edible right
up until they are completely dried out.
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Mummification is the preservation of a body,
either animal or human. The Egyptian
mummies were deliberately made by drying
the body. By eliminating moisture, you have
eliminated the source of decay. They dried
the body by using a salt mixture called
natron. Natron is a natural substance that is
found in abundance along the Nile river.
Natron is made up of four salts: sodium
carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium
chloride, and sodium sulfate. The sodium
carbonate works as a drying agent, drawing
the water out of the body. At the same time
the bicarbonate, when subjected to moisture,
increases the pH that creates a hostile
environment for bacteria. The Egyptian
climate lent itself well to the mummification
process, being both very hot and dry.
Karya terpopuler Li Shi-Zhen (Dinasti Ming) “Ben
Cao Gang Mu" (Compendium of Materia Medica),
mencatat lebih dari 20 jenis cendawan obat :
Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Polyporus
umbellatus, Polyporus mylittae, Lentinus edodes,
Lasiosphaera fenxlii, Termitomyces albuminosus,
Auricularia auricula, Pleurotus ostreatus, Phallus
rugulosus Tremella fuciformis dan Armillaria
mellea
Use of Honey
- Preserving Fruit
- Healing
- High Sugar Content
HISTORY
 Besides being used as food, it was used as medicine - more than half remedies prescribed by Egyptian
doctors contained honey. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks,
and Romans spread honey on wounds to hasten their
healing -- So, did German Field Medical personnel
during World War I. Even as Late as 1970 in England,
a surgeon announced he was using honey on open
wounds after surgery -- and had fewer bacterial
infections than similar wounds treated with antibiotics.
Honey proved to be an effective disinfectant; It
hastened healing; and bacteria did not develop
resistance to it, as often happens with antibiotics.
Yogurt and Cheese Making to Preserve Milk
- Easier to Transport
- Lengthen Time Possible to Use
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A Legend
Legend tells that yoghurt was born on the slopes of Mount
Elbrus in the Caucasus range of mountains, between the Black
and Caspian seas. On the hot southern slopes a pitcher of
milk belonging to a Turkish nomad was contaminated by a
mixture of organisms that thrived in the warm milk (40 - 45c).
The result was what the Turks call "yogurut". The name
"yogurut" was supposedly introduced in the 8th century and
was changed in the 11th century to the current version
"Yoghurt". Legend suggests that Yoghurt can act as a
preservative against human ageing, however no scientific
evidence actually supports this theory. Undoubtedly a regular
intake of the organisms found in yoghurt can have a beneficial
affect to the digestive tract.
Cooling
- Collection of Snow and Ice
- Caves / Cellars
- Water Wells
• We have used biotechnology in manufacturing
food products for more than 8,000 years.
• Bread, alcoholic beverages, vinegar, cheese and
yogurt, and many other foods owe their
existence to enzymes found in various
microorganisms
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Sauerkraut, Pickles, Kimchi, Asinan, Acar
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Wine, Beer, Cider, Tuak, Arak, Anggur, Brem Bali, Lahang,
Brandy, Port, Kombucha dst.
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Peuyeum, Tape, Koji
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Nata deCoco, Nata de Pina, Nata de Tea
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Yoghurt, Kefir, Dadih, Kumiss
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Tempe, Natto
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1803, Thenard menemukan khamir penghasil alkohol
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1901, Rudolf Emmerich & Oscarlow menemukan
pyonase antibiotik oleh Pseudomonas geruginosa.
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1918, Chaim Wismann menemukan Clostridium
penghasil aseton.
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1923, Pfizer menemukan Aspergillus niger penghasil
asam sitrat.
1928, A. Fleming menemukan Penisilin oleh P. notatum
untuk menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus
aureus
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Produk ma-min (Roti, Keju,
Minuman keras (tuak dan sake)
Tidak steril
Kultur campur
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Kultur murni (Bir CalsbergCopenhagen)
Sistim aseptis
Pasteurisasi
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Sistim aseptis dan terkontrol
Aerasi
Produk senyawa organik (Glycerol,
Lactic acid, Acetone & Butanol)
Proses hilir berkembang
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Produk antibiotika penisilin
Produk lain (asam amino, ensim
industri, nukleotida, steroid, PST)
Penggunaan mutan unggul
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Penggunaan DNA Rekombinan
Insulin pertama 1979
Vaksin
Interferon
Ensim pengobatan (asparaginase)
Hormon pertumbuhan dll
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DNA technology has many useful applications
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The Human Genome Project
The production of vaccines, cancer drugs, and
pesticides
Engineered
bacteria that
can clean up
toxic wastes
1
Bacterium
Plasmid
isolated
2
DNA
isolated
3 Gene
Bacterial
chromosome
Cell containing gene
of interest
inserted
into plasmid
Plasmid
Gene of
interest
Recombinant DNA
(plasmid)
4
DNA
Plasmid put into
bacterial cell
Recombinant
bacterium
5 Cell multiplies with
gene of interest
Copies of gene
Gene for pest
resistance
inserted into
plants
Copies of protein
Clones of cell
Gene used to alter bacteria
for cleaning up toxic waste
Protein used to
make snow form
at higher
temperature
Protein used to dissolve blood
clots in heart attack therapy
Figure 12.3
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
DNA containing
gene for desired trait
1
Ti
plasmid
T DNA
Restriction
site
Insertion of
gene into plasmid
using restriction
enzyme and DNA
ligase
Plant cell
2
Recombinant
Ti plasmid
Introduction
into plant
cells in
culture
3
Regeneration
of plant
T DNA
carrying
new gene
within plant
chromosome
Plant with
new trait
Figure 12.18A
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Recombinant cells and organisms are used to
manufacture useful proteins
Table 12.16
Today’s biotechnology will continue to affect the food
industry by providing new products, lowering costs and
improving the microbial processes on which food producers
have long relied.
Many of these impacts will improve the quality, nutritional
value and safety of the crop plants and animal products that
are the basis of the food industry.
In addition, biotechnology offers many ways to improve the
processing of those raw materials into final products:
natural flavors and colors; new production aids, such as
enzymes and emulsifiers; improved starter cultures; more
waste treatment options; “greener” manufacturing
processes; more options for assessing food safety during
the process; and even biodegradable plastic wrap that kills
bacteria.
The first generation of transgenic crops primarily
benefited the farmers. Although there are consumer
benefits in growing these crops, the benefits
are largely invisible to consumers. For example,
studies have shown that insect-resistant corn
(Bt corn) sustains relatively little insect damage;
therefore, fungi and molds are not as able to
infect those plants as easily as non-insect-resistant
crops. Therefore the level of toxins produced
by these pathogens, some of which are fatal to
livestock, is much lower on Bt corn than non-Bt corn.
Enzymes, produced by microbial fermentation,
play essential roles as processing aids in the food
industry.
The first commercial food product produced by
biotechnology was an enzyme used in cheesemaking. Prior to biotechnology, this enzyme had
to be extracted from the stomach of calves, lambs
and baby goats, but it is now produced by
microorganisms that were given the gene for this
enzyme.
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The food industry uses more than 55 different
enzyme products in food processing. This
number will only increase as we discover how
to capitalize on the extraordinary diversity of
the microbial world and obtain new enzymes
that will prove important in food processing.
• More than 325 million people worldwide have
been helped by the more than 130
biotechnology drugs and vaccines approved
by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA).
Of the biotech medicines on the market, 70
percent were approved in the last six years.
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There are more than 350 biotech drug
products and vaccines currently in clinical
trials targeting more than 200 diseases,
including various cancers, Alzheimer’s
disease, heart disease, diabetes, multiple
sclerosis, AIDS and arthritis.
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Biotechnology is responsible for hundreds of
medical diagnostic tests that keep the blood
supply safe from the AIDS virus and detect
other conditions early enough to be
successfully treated.
Home pregnancy tests are also biotechnology
diagnostic products.
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Consumers already are enjoying
biotechnology foods such as papaya,
soybeans and corn.
Hundreds of biopesticides and other
agricultural products also are being used to
improve our food supply and to reduce our
dependence on conventional chemical
pesticides.
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Bollgard® Insect-Protected Cotton (Developed by
Monsanto) Introduced in 1996, cotton with
Monsanto’s Bollgard gene is protected against cotton
bollworms, pink bollworms and tobacco budworms.
Bollgard cotton is a great example of how
biotechnology can reduce the amount of pesticide
applications on a specific crop.
According to the technology provider, growers using
Bollgard technology sprayed an average of 2.5 fewer
applications per acre thanconventional cotton growers.
This data is further underscored by EPA research. In
just one year, 1999, EPA estimated that growers who
planted Bollgard cotton reduced their insecticide
application by 1.6 million pounds.
Environmental biotechnology products make it
possible to clean up hazardous waste more
efficiently by harnessing pollution-eating microbes
without the use of caustic chemicals.
• Industrial biotechnology applications have led to
cleaner processes that produce less waste and use
less energy and water in such industrial sectors as
chemicals, pulp and paper, textiles, food, energy,
and metals and minerals. For example, most
laundry detergents produced in the United States
contain biotechnology-based enzymes.
There are 1,457 biotechnology companies in
the United States, of which 342 are publicly held.
The biotechnology industry has more than
tripled in size since 1992, with revenues
increasing from $8 billion in 1992 to $27.6
billion in 2001.
The U.S. biotechnology industry currently
employs 179,000 people
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glutamic acid 
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aspartic acid
Penyedap
 Pemanis buatan
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phenylalanine
Aspartic acid and phenylalanine are the two
main components of the new sweetener,
aspartame.
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Ranks Hovis McDougall (RHM), Europe's
fourth largest food manufacturer
SCP  Myco Meat
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