Transcript pengantar bioteknologi pertanian

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
 Dr.Ir. Andy Soegianto, CESA
What is Biotechnology ?
 Use of living organisms to solve problems
or make useful products
 Use of cells and biomolecules to solve
problems or make useful products
 Almost anything to do with biology &
technology
 Use of living organism or parts of them to
produce industrially goods or services
Molecular Biology
Molecular Genetics
Microbiology
Cell Biology
Biochemistry
Engineering Processes
Biotechnology
Health Diagnoses
Fermentation Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Chemical Industry
Environment and Energy
Food and Animal Feed Industry
Progression of Biotechnology
The Era before Louis Pasteur


Alcoholic drinks (Beer, Wine, Palm-wine)
Fermented Food (Cheese, yoghurt, tape,
tempe, petis, terasi)
Progression of Biotechnology
The Era of Louis Pasteur
 Alcohol (Ethanol, Butanol, aceton, glycerol)
 Organic acids (Citric acid, acetic acid)
 Aerobic waste treatment
Progression of Biotechnology
The Era of Antibiotics
 Antibiotics (Penicillin, tetracyclin, streptomycin)
 Vaccine (NCD, polio)
 Steroid Transformation (DOPA)
 Liquid Medium Fermentation Technology
 Animal Tissue Culture Technology
Progression of Biotechnology
The Era of Post-Antibiotics
 Amino Acids (Glutamic Acid, Lysin, aspartame)
 Single Cell Protein
 Enzyme (Amylase, Glucose isomerase,
Glucose dehydrogenase)
 Cell and Enzyme Mobilization Technology
 Anaerobic liquid waste treatment technology
(Biogas)
 Polisaccharide bacteria (Xanthan, Trehalosa)
Progression of Biotechnology
Modern Biotechnology Era
 1973, The gene can be cloned for the first time
 1974, Cloned gene expression on different
organism
 1975, monoclonal antibody (Hybridome
Technology
 Technology of diagnostic test using antibody
 Genetic Engineering
 Artificial vaccine
 Insulin from alcoholic drink
The Most Used Terms in Modern
Biotechnology
Transgene – Strange gene which is inserted
into a species
Example – Cry gene (gene codes for toxic protein
for Coleoptera)
Transgenic organism – an organism contains
of transgene by the process of
biotechnology (not a cross as in
plant breeding process)
Example – Bollgard cotton
Herbicide resistant maize
PRODUCTS OF MODERN
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
GMO - Genetically modified organisms
An organism which has a new trait that is not found
before as a result of addition of gene derived from
another organism. Also called as Transgenic organism
Pest resistant Maize
 Bt toxin content can kill a corn borer
 Gene controls toxin production is derived
from bacteria
Normal
Transgenic
Cry gene designation
Toxic to these insect orders
CryIA(a), CryIA(b), CryIA(c)
Lepidoptera
Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1D
Lepidoptera
CryII
Lepidoptera, Diptera
CryIII
Coleoptera
CryIV
Diptera
CryV
Lepidoptera, Coleoptera
Virus resistant plants
 papaya, orange, potato
 Resistance Gene is derived
from virus
Herbicide resistant plants
 already exist: soybean, maize, canola
 next: sugarbeet, cabbage, strawberry,
alfalfa, potato, wheat
 Resistance Gene is derived from bacteria
HERBICIDE TOLERANCE CROPS
(HTCs)
Herbicide
Commercial
Name
Bromoxynil
Buctril
Glyphosate
Roundup
Glufosinate
Sulfonylureas
Imidazolinones
2,4-D
Sethoxydim
Triazines
Herbicide Tolerant Crops
cotton, potato, tobacco
sugar beet, corn, cotton, lettuce, canola,
soybean, tobacco, tomato, wheat
Liberty,
alfalfa, sugar beet, corn, barley, melon, peanut,
Ignite, Basta rice, canola, soybean, tomato, wheat
corn, cotton, tobacco, tomato, flax, soybean,
sugar beet
corn, canola, wheat
potato, sweetgum, cotton
corn
canola
The Differences between Plant
Biotechnology and Plant
Breeding
Plant Biotechnology
Plant Biotechnology allows the plant breeder a
wider choice of traits to choose from and allows
the trait to be realized in a more precise manner
and within a shorter time period.
Conventional plant breeding
• Can only use genes from within one species
or several closely related species or wild
species, becoming a limitation due to loss of
genetic diversity
• Takes many years to develop an improved
variety
Interspecific crossing in Plant
Breeding
Wheat
Rye
X
Triticale
New species, but
NOT as result of
Modern
Biotechnology
process
Mutagenesis:
New trait, without a strange gene
 Mutagenesis changes DNA sequences of a gene
 allow to get a new advantageous trait
Mutagenesis treatment
Gene target
ATTCGA
New Gene
ATTGGA
 “While traditional breeding approaches have
worked well, they can be very time consuming
and sometimes inefficient. Each plant has tens
of thousands of genes, so crossing two plants
results in a multitude of combinations.
 With advances in technology, scientists can now
precisely identify through marker technology
some of the individual genes responsible for
producing a particular characteristic. Traits such
as fruit color or resistance to a particular pest,
make breeding new varieties quicker and more
precise.
Table 1. Areas of Biotech Crop Growth 2004
COUNTRY
USA
Argentina
Canada
Brazil
China
South Africa
India
Paraguay
Uruguay
Australia
Romania
Spain
Mexico
AREA (m Ha)
47.6
16.2
5.4
5.0
3.7
0.5
0.5
1.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
CROP
Cotton, Maize, Soybean
Soybean, Maize, Cotton
Canola, Maize, Soybean
Soybean
Cotton
Maize, Soybean, Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Soybean, Maize
Soybean
Soybean
Maize
Cotton, Soybean
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE
SIMILARITY BETWEEN HORSE AND SNAIL???
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE
SIMILARITY BETWEEN GRASSHOPPER AND
RICE???
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE
SIMILARITY BETWEEN SALMONELLA AND
PINE TREE???
ORGANISM
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGAN
TISSUE
CELL
ORGANELLES (MITOCHONDRIA, VACUOLE, GOLGI BODY, NUCLEUS,
ETC.)
GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA)
GENETIC MATERIAL
MATERIALS USED FOR
TRANSMITTING THE GENETIC
INFORMATION FROM AN INDIVIDU
INTO ITS OFFSPRING
HOW DO THE DNA DETERMINE THE
CHARACTER OF LIVING ORGANISM?
DNA TRANSCRIPTION  TRANSLATION  PROTEIN
Character  structure and process in an organism
All processes directed by enzymes
Enzyme  the largest part of the protein.
WHY A CHARACTER CAN BE ENGINEERED??
………………………………
WHY IS GENETIC ENGINEERING
PROSPECTIVE ??
KARENA KESAMAAN STRUKTUR MOLEKUL
DNA PADA SEMUA MAKHLUK HIDUP
MEMUNGKINKAN REKAYASA (PEMINDAHAN,
PENGGANTIAN, PENGURANGAN,
PENAMBAHAN) DARI SUMBER DNA YANG
BERBEDA
Assignment for Each Student
 Essay on Reviewing some journals on the
application of Plant Biotechnology
 Type it using MSWORD : 10 pages
minimum, 1.5 spacing, Times New Roman
12”
 Save in a directory named as your name
and Student Identity Number
 Be gathered in next 2 weeks (week 3th)
 Will be presented in week 5th
Thank You
See you next week