Transcript SSWH9: The student will analyze change and continuity in the

SSWH9: The student will analyze
change and continuity in the
Renaissance and Reformation.
a. Explain the social, economic, and political
changes that contributed to the rise of Florence
and the ideas of Machiavelli.
Renaissance
• The Renaissance was a period of “rebirth”
in Europe after the Middle Ages
• After years of war, and the devastation of
the plague, many city-states in Italy began
exploring the arts, music, and politics
based on the ideas founded in Rome and
Greece
The rise of Florence (Italy)
• Florence was a major trade
center during the Middle
Ages and Crusades
• The vast amount of trading,
gave rise to a powerful
merchant class
• This merchant class
believed in individualism
and growth in the arts,
politics, and their personal
lives
The rise of Florence
• The merchant class
became involved in
Florence’s politics
• The Medici Family,
powerful merchants
and bankers, came to
power in the early
1400s
• The family supported
the arts and the ideas
of the Renaissance
Economic changes
• Due to the Crusades,
overseas trade had led to
a growth of large citystates in northern Italy.
• Bubonic plague hit these
towns in the 1300’s.
• Survivors of the plague
demanded higher wages.
• This allowed them to
pursue interest like the
arts.
Social changes
• A wealthy merchant
class developed in
these city-states.
• They began to
dominate politics.
• Successful merchants
believed that they
deserved power
because of individual
merit.
• This brought about a
belief in individual
achievement.
Political changes
• Florence came under
the rule of a powerful
banking family, the
Medici.
• He influenced
members of the ruling
council by giving them
loans.
• They were huge
patrons of the arts.
Niccolo Machiavelli
• Wrote “The Prince” in 1513.
• It examines how a ruler can
gain power and keep it in
spite of his enemies.
• He advised that political
leaders should lie and trick
their followers if it is for the
good of the country
• Said that most people are
“selfish, fickle, and corrupt”.
• He was not concerned with
what was morally right, but
what was politically effective.
“Is it better to be loved or
feared? The answer is to be
both loved and feared. But, it
is much safer to be feared
than loved, if one is wanting.”
-Machiavelli
“A prince must be
strong as a lion, and
shrewd as a fox.”
-Machiavelli
b. Identify artistic and scientific
achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, the
“Renaissance Man,” and Michelangelo.
The Renaissance Man
• The Renaissance
Man was a term used
to describe those who
were well rounded
and masters in the
arts, music, literature,
dance, and fighting
Leonardo da Vinci
• Da Vinci is a classic
example of a Renaissance
Man
• He was a famous painter,
scientist, and inventor
• One of his most famous
paintings was the Mona
Lisa
• He drew up plans for ideas
such as a helicopter, tank,
and a calculator
The Last Supper
Leonardo
• His notebooks contain
3500 pages of
writings and
drawings.
• He wrote in these
notebooks
backwards.
• He planned scholarly
works and
engineering feats.
Leonardo’s human body
Michelangelo
• Another Renaissance
Man, Michelangelo is
know for his skills as a
sculptor and painter
• His works include his
paintings on the ceiling
of the Sistine Chapel
and his sculptures of
the Pieta and David
Michelangelo’s Pieta
Michelangelo
• Excelled as a painter,
sculptor, architect,
and poet.
• Most famous for the
way he portrayed the
human body.
• His most famous
works include the
Sistine Chapel and
the Statute of David.
Sistine Chapel
One half of the Sistine Chapel's ceiling painted by
Michelangelo in 1508 with a close-up
Statue of David
c. Explain the main characteristics of
humanism; include the ideas of Petrarch,
Dante, and Erasmus.
Humanism
• Humanism was a movement that focused
on human potential and achievements
based ancient Greek values
• Humanist believed:
-That people could enjoy the finer things in
life without offending God
-That the focus should be on people and
their achievements (art and literature)
Humanism
• An intellectual
movement that
focused on human
potential and
achievements.
• Influenced artists and
architects to carry on
classical traditions.
• Popularized the study
of subjects common
to classical education,
like history, literature,
and philosophy.
Petrarch
• Father of Humanism
• Developed the sonnet
or lyrical poem.
• Was the first to use the
phrase “Dark Ages” to
to describe the lack of
culture found during the
Middle Ages.
• Argued that God gave
human beings talents
and they should use
them to the fullest,
whether it be religious
or secular.
Dante
• Wrote in the
vernacular, his native
language, instead of
Latin.
• Most famous work is
the “Divine Comedy”.
• It describes a journey
through hell,
purgatory, and
paradise.
• In Italy, he is known
as the “Supreme
Poet”.
Dante
• Wrote The Divine Comedy about his trip from Hell to
Purgatory to Paradise
• The story was written in Italian, a “new language” for
the time period
Erasmus
• Erasmus was a Christian
Humanist who believed that
people should study the
Bible as a way of improving
(reforming) society
• Helped promote the
education of women
• Christian Humanist were
critical of the Church for
failing to convince people to
live a Christian life
Erasmus- Christian humanist
• Wrote “In Praise of
Folly” in 1509.
• It pokes fun at greedy
merchants, heartsick
lovers, quarrelsome
scholars, and pompous
priests.
• He believed in a
Christianity of the heart,
not of ceremonies or
rules.
• Believed that all people
should study the Bible
d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant
Reformation; include the ideas of Martin
Luther and John Calvin.
Martin Luther
• Luther, a German monk,
started the Reformation
when he posted his 95
Theses on the door of a
Church
• One of Luther’s main
arguments with the
Church was the practice
of selling indulgences, or
the ability to pay a priest
to forgive sins
The 95 Theses
• Martin Luther
opposes the sale of
indulgences, or
pardons for sins.
• On October 31, 1517
he posted theses
statements on the
church door at
Wittenberg and
invited scholars to a
debate.
• This began the
Reformation.
Martin Luther (Germany)
• People can win
salvation only by faith
in God’s forgiveness.
• All Church teachings
should be based on
the Bible. Pope and
church are false
authorities.
• All people with faith
are equal. One does
not need a priest to
interpret the Bible.
Luther versus The Catholic Church
• Justification by faith
• Faith and good works
need for salvation
• Teachings based on
the word of the Bible
• Pope’s mandates and
church traditions on
equal par with words
in the Bible
• All members of the
church are equal in
faith
• Clergy interprets Bible
for believers
Martin Luther
Luther vs. the Catholic Church:
Luther
The Catholic Church
Only God could grant salvation Faith and good works were
(entrance into heaven)
needed for salvation
All people with faith were
equal, did not need priests
Priests help interpret Bible
All church teachings should be Teachings are based on the
based on the Bible
Bible, the Pope, and Church
traditions
• Luther’s ideas eventually took hold, forming a separate
Christian religion called the Lutherans
John Calvin (Switzerland)
• Wrote that men and
women are sinful by
nature.
• Humans cannot earn
salvation as God
chooses a few people
to be saved.
• This is the basis of
predestination.
John Calvin
• Believed that God
chooses very few people
for salvation and that it
was predetermined who
would go to heaven
• Calvinism spread from
Switzerland to France
(Huguenots) and Scotland
(Presbyterians)
Calvinism
• Everyone attends
religion class
• No one allowed to wear
bright clothing or play
card games
• Authorities would
imprison,
excommunicate, or
banish those who broke
rules
• Anyone preaching
different doctrine to be
burned at the stake
Protestant Reformation (1500s)
• In the early 1500s many began to question the
authority of the Catholic Church and many of it’s
practices
• The Renaissance and the rise of powerful rulers
gave rise to the Protestant Reformation which
aimed to “reform” the Catholic Church
• The Reformation led to the founding of Christian
Churches that did not accept the pope’s
authority
Impact of the Reformation
• Protestant churches flourished
• New denominations developed
• Catholic Church became more united as a
result of Council of Trent reforms
• More emphasis on education to promote
beliefs (parish school and universities)
• Individual monarchs and states gained
power in modern nation-states
• Laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment
e. Describe the Counter Reformation at
the Council of Trent and the role of the
Jesuits.
The Catholic Reformation
• A movement within he
Catholic Church to
reform itself
• Leaders of this
movement included
Ignatius of Loyola,
Popes Paul III and
Paul IV
• Loyola started the
Jesuit order while the
Popes led the Council
of Trent
Counter Reformation
• The Counter Reformation, or
Catholic Reformation, was the
Catholic Church’s attempt at
reforming itself
• To help spread the reform, the
Pope created the Jesuits,
whose mission it was to create
schools, convert people to the
Catholic Church, and stop the
spread of Protestantism
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
• Pope Paul III called a council of Church leaders in
Trent, Italy to clearly state Catholic beliefs:
• The Council Stated:
- the Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final
- Christians needed faith and good works for salvation
- Bible and Church traditions were authorities for
guiding Christian life
- Indulgences were valid expressions of faith
- However, the false selling of indulgences was
banned
Council of Trent (1534-1549)
The Jesuits (The Society of Jesus)
• Focused on three
activities• Founded schools
throughout Europe
• Convert nonChristians to
Catholicism by use of
missionaries
• Stop the spread of
Protestantism
f. Describe the English Reformation and the
role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
English Reformation
• King Henry VIII wanted to
divorce his wife because she
could not bare him a son to
become his heir
• The Pope refused his divorce or
to annul his marriage
• Henry fearing that a war would
ensue unless he had a clear
heir to take over, broke from the
Catholic Church and became
the head of the Church of
England (Protestant)
The English Reformation
• England’s ties with
the Catholic Church
were broken for
personal and political
reasons rather than
religious ones.
• This involved the
king, Henry VIII,
wanting to divorce his
wife.
Henry VIII
• Was a devout
Catholic, but had no
male heir to the
throne.
• Wanted to end his
marriage to Catherine
of Aragon, so he
could take a younger
bride.
• The Pope refused to
grant an annulment.
Pope Clement VII
The Act of Supremacy
• Called on English
subject to take an
oath recognizing the
King’s divorce from
Catherine as legal
and accepting Henry,
not the Pope, as
official head of
England’s church.
Wives of Henry VIII
• Catherine of AragonBanished
• Anne of ClevesDivorced
• Anne Boleyn• Katherine HowardExecuted
Imprisoned
• Jane Seymour- Died in
childbirth- Edward VI
• Katherine Parr- Died
(died age 15) Queen
in
Childbirth
Jane, Queen Mary I,
Queen Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I
• Elizabeth, Henry’s daughter,
took over England after her
half sister Mary I died
• Mary had reinstated the
Catholic Church in England
• In 1559, Elizabeth again
established the Church of
England, making it the only
legal Church in England
• Elizabeth made the new
Church moderate to appeal
to both Catholics and
Protestants
Elizabeth I
• Set up the Church of
England, aka the
Anglican Church.
• Church was a moderate
version to appeal to
Catholics and
Protestants.
• Priests were allowed to
marry.
• Sermons delivered in
English, not Latin.
• Services kept some
Catholic traditions
g. Explain the importance of Gutenberg
and the invention of the printing press.
Printing
• Block printing was
invented by the
Chinese .
• Bi Sheng invented
moveable type, but
the Chinese language
had thousands of
different characters.
• During the 13th
century, block printing
and moveable type
reached Europe.
Johann Gutenberg
• Developed the
printing press in 1440.
• Made it possible to
produce books
quickly and cheaply.
• First full-sized book
printed with moveable
type was the
Gutenberg Bible.
The Printing Press
• Enabled a printer to
produce hundreds of
copies of a single
work.
• Books became cheap
enough that many
people could afford
them.
• First books were
religious, but soon
other topics, like
travel and medicine,
were incorporated.
Gutenberg Press
• The printing press
allowed for a quick,
easy method of printing
the written word
• Prior to the press,
books and pamphlets
were hand written, often
by monks
• The printing press
allowed Luther’s 95
Theses to quickly reach
the masses in several
countries
Changes in society
• Made more information available and
inexpensive enough for society at large.
• Increased desire for learning a rise in
literacy rates in Europe.
• Published accounts of discoveries, maps,
and charts led to new discoveries.
• Published legal proceedings made laws
more clear to common people.