Transcript Simpsons Wrap up notes

1. Formula is generally C1 H2 O1
2. Key source of energy
3. Found in grains, fruits and veggies
Carbohydrates cont…
*Monomer = monosaccharide.
*Monosaccharide + monosaccharide
= disaccharide__
*Excess carbs are stored in liver as
glycogen.
5. Table sugar is a disaccharide= two linked
monosaccharides
6. A polysaccharide = many sugars linked in a
chain.
Ex: starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)
7. Animals digest polysaccharides into
monosaccharides to use for quick energy
8. If it ends “ose” it’s usually a carbohydrate.
Ex. Fructose, glucose, galactose, maltose, etc.
*Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in some
vegetables (like corn) which humans can’t digest.
That’s why if you don’t chew up our corn well
enough, if goes right through your body.
Wood is almost completely cellulose. Gross!
*Cows and termites
have bacteria in their
stomachs that digest
cellulose into
monosaccharides
for them.
*Bacteria in our intestines can
break down some carbohydrates
Into, unfortunately, gas .
Cows actually burp
quite a bit from these
bacteria.
*Waxes, oils, cholesterol, steroid hormones, and fats.
*Found in fried foods, meats and junk food.
Important: Fats store twice as much energy as
carbohydrates or proteins.
Lipids cont.
Monomer = _glycerol_+ 3 fatty acids.
On the end of the fatty acid is a
carboxyl group= -COOH
Functions in body:
*Form cell membranes
*Act as chemical messengers.
Ex. Testosterone and estrogen
* Store energy
Fatty acids are just long carbon
chains with hydrogen atoms
attached.
They are HUGE!
6. Fatty acids are known as either…
saturated fats (all single bonds) or
unsaturated fats (one or more double bonds).
Saturated fats tend to be animal fats and
unhealthy because they are unreactive.
They are solids at room temperature.
Ex. lard and grease.
Most plant oils and some fish oils
are made of unsaturated fatty acids.They
are generally liquid at room temperature.
C. PROTEINS – abundantly found in meats,
eggs, nuts, beans
1. Made from hundreds or thousands of
AMINO ACIDS, (AA), linked together.
2. Humans need 20 different amino acids.
ProteinsMonomers are amino acids =(AA)
AA are joined by _peptide_ bonds.
Proteins contain nitrogen (N)
Protein monomers, _AA_, have an amino group_-NH2__,
and a carboxyl group __-COOH__.
AA + AA =__dipeptide____
Enzymes:
-Important in running reactions at lower starting energy
amounts.
-Help in regulating chemical pathways.
-Used in transferring information.
-Help release energy
The shape of the protein determines its function.
ENZYMES = Protein catalysts.
•Catalysts are needed in order for some chemical
reactions to occur.
•Enzymes do not get used up in the reaction.
•Enzymes cause reactions to occur faster and with
less energy
ACTIVATION ENERGY- energy needed to
accomplish a chemical reaction
Reactants
Products
So what exactly do enzymes do?
Activation energy
without enzyme
Activation energy
with enzyme
Less (activation) energy is
needed for a reaction
with enzymes.
Time
A flame is needed to burn oxygen
but we do the same thing in our
bodies at a lower temperature
because of enzymes.
Our body takes the food energy and converts it into
ATP. Sugar is easiest to convert into ATP. Most of
the thousands of chemical reactions that occur in the
body use enzymes that need ATP to overcome the
activation energy needed.
The food energy is
used to attach a 3rd
phosphate onto ADP
(diphosphate) to
make ATP
(triphosphate).
click
When that last
phosphate bond is
broken a lot of
energy is released
and used to do
a chemical reaction.