Transcript Biomolecules

Aim: Why are organic compounds
important to us?
 Do NOW: In complete sentences explain
how you would use an atom to build a
larger molecule.
 Homework: Project # 1 Internet activity

http://science.nhmccd.edu/
biol/bio1int.htm
Activity

Read the life substances handout as you
read underline the main idea of each
paragraph.
Tuesday 11/10/15
AIM: Why is carbon an important element
in your body?
 Do NOW: Choose on of the questions
below and answer it in your notes
1- what is the atomic number and atomic
mass of Carbon?
2-Identify the atomic number and atomic
mass
Homework:text read pages

51-53. Answer questions 1-3
on page 54
Carbon
What is the atomic
number?
 What is the atomic
mass?
 #p
 #n
 #e
Monday 11/9/15
AIM:Why is carbon an important element
in your body?
 DO NOW: What do you inhale? Exhale?
WHY?
 HOMEWORK: text read pages 51-53.
Answer questions 1-3 on page 54

Monday 11/9/15
AIM: How do atoms combine?
 DO NOW: What are the 3 phases of
matter and how are they different?
 HW: Text Question 4 page 54

All matter is built from atoms

Atom is the basic unit of
matter

Subatomic particles

Nucleus
 Protons
 Neutron

Orbitals
 Electrons

Parts of an Atom Song
- YouTube
Stable atoms

Properties of an atom



Due to the # of
subatomic particles
found in the nucleus
Ability of electrons to
interact with other
atoms
Want to be electrically
neutral
What is an element?
What are the six most
important elements to living
organisms?
CHNOPS
Carbon atom


Able to form 4
covalent bonds due to
4 electrons in outer
shell
Combine to form large
organic compounds
Carbon fun facts
Carbon is found in many different
compounds.
 It is in the food you eat, the clothes you
wear, the cosmetics you use and the
gasoline that fuels your car.
 Carbon is the sixth most abundant
element in the universe.

How are organic and inorganic
compounds different?
Organic compounds
must Contain C and H


CH3
C6H12O6
Inorganic compounds
Do not contain both



NaCL
CO2
H2O
Building molecules and compounds

Electrons of different atoms interact to
form bonds


Loss or gain of electrons
Sharing of electrons
Thursday 11/12/15
AIM: How do electrons interact?
 DO NOW: 1- What are the 6 most
important elements to humans?
 2- Explain the difference between organic
and inorganic


HOMEWORK: UPCO page 85 read and
answer all questions part A 1 and 2 Part B
1,2,3 and page 86 question 4
Friday 11/13/15
AIM: How do water molecules interact?
 DO NOW: 1- Why do atoms form bonds?
 2-Explain the difference between a
covalent and ionic bond.

Why do atoms combine?
How do atoms combine?
Atoms combine to build molecules and
compounds
 Electron interaction forms bonds



Loss or gain of electrons
Sharing of electrons
How is a covalent bond
different from an ionic bond?
Atomic bonding



Electron interactions
form bonds
Covalent bonds:
electrons are shared
between atoms
Electrons orbit both
nuclei

2 Hydrogen atoms share there
electrons to form a bond
Ionic bonding

The loss or gain of an electron to form a
bond
Ionic bonds
Forms ions or charged atoms
 The atom that looses an electron is loosing
a – charge so it becomes +
 The atom that gains an electron is gaining
a – charge so it becomes 
How does Carbon combine with
other elements?
Carbon can share 4
electrons with 4
different atoms
 Forms 4 covalent
bonds

Why are we talking about
this?
BECAUSE ATOMS BUILD ALL
LIVING THINGS AS WELL AS
NONLIVING
Organization of human body
Atom
 Molecule and compound
 Biomolecule; carbohydrate, lipid, protien,
nucleic acid
 Organelle
 Cell
 Tissue
 Organ
 System
 Organism

Assessment

In your own words, explain why carbon is
an important element in your body.
Monday 11/16/15
AIM: How do our bodies use
biomolecules?
 Do Now: 1- Why do atoms combine?
 2- Explain how atoms combine
 HW: text read pages 59-60. Answer the
reading check questions on both pages

The Biomolecule Band YouTube
One sheet per pair
1- What is a monomer?
 2- What are the 4 categories of
biomolecules?
 EXTRA CREDIT: List the monomer that
build each biomolecule

What are the four categories of organic
compounds or biomolecules formed by
carbon?
Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids


List at least 2 food sources that contain
protein, 2 food sources that contain
carbohydrate, 2 food sources that contain
lipid.
Biomolecule
Monomer
Elements
Food Source
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide CHO
Pasta, rice,
bread
Lipid
Glycerol + fatty
acid
CHO
Oil, butter,
fats
Protein
Amino acids
CHON
Meats,
cheese,
beans
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotides
CHONP
EVERYTHING
Carbohydrate




Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Store and release
energy
Starch and sugars
Glycogen and cellulose

Lipids


Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen
Fats, oils, waxes,
steroids
Energy storage,
protection, insulation
and chemical
messengers (
steroids)
Tuesday 11/17/15
Aim: Why are biomolecules polymers?
 Do Now: 1- Explain why lipids are organic
compounds.
 2- Give the examples of lipids

Lipids are organic compounds because
they are built from Carbon and Hydrogen
 Fats, Oils, Waxes and steroids

Why are organic
compounds also called
biomolecules?
Answer

All biomolecules are organic compounds


That means they are made up of Carbon and
hydrogen
Organic compounds build living things so
they are also called biomolecules
Tuesday 11/17/15
Textbook Read pages 61-62.
 1- What is the function of fat?
 2- what is the function of wax?
 3- What are the major structural
differences between wax and fat?
 4- what does every amino acid have?
 5- What gives an amino acid its special
properties?
 6- how does the body get the amino acids
we need to build our proteins?
 7- List the levels of structure of a protein.

Protein






Carbon, Hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur
Structure for tissues
and organs
Metabolism
Transport
Catalysts
Chemical Messengers
(protein hormones)
How are enzymes related to proteins?


Enzymes are protein
catalysts
Speed up chemical
reactions
Nucleic Acid



Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and
phosphorous, sulfur
Store cellular
information
DNA and RNA
(5 min)

Using the information you have received
complete the table below
Carbon compound
Function
Biomolecules are polymers
Poly- many
 Mer- unit
 multiple units of smaller, repeating units
 Build Large compounds
 Why are carbohydrates polymers?
 Because they are big molecules made
from repeating subunits
 Specifically monosaccharides

Wednesday 11/18/15
AIM: How are polymers built from
monomer subunit?
 DO NOW: What is a polymer? What are
the four categories of polymers we have
been discussing.
 What are some other names of polymers?
 HW:Textbook read page 63: 1- What are
the parts of a nucleotide? 2- What does
DNA stand for? RNA? 3- What is the
function of DNA 4- Explain how ATP stores
and releases energy

Question

Lipids are organic compounds because:





A- they are large molecules
B- they are built from repeating sub units
C- they contain Carbon and hydrogen
D-they build living things
Proteins are polymers because:




A- they are large molecules
B- they are built from repeating sub units
C- they contain Carbon and hydrogen
D-they build living things

Nucleic acids are biomolecules because




A- they are large molecules
B- they are built from repeating sub units
C- they contain Carbon and hydrogen
D-they build living things
Four of the classes of life’s organic
molecules are polymers





Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
A polymer

Is a long molecule consisting of many similar
building blocks called monomers
Biomolecules or Macromolecules
Macro means BIG
 Macromolecules are very big molecules
 Q: why are proteins macromolecules?
 A: Because they are big molecules

Biomolecule AKA Organic compound AKA Polymer
AKA Macromolecule

Anytime we use any one of these terms
we are referring to proteins,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids
The Synthesis of Polymers

Monomers form large molecules by
dehydration synthesis
HO
1
3
2
H
Unlinked monomer
Short polymer
Dehydration removes a water
molecule, forming a new bond
HO
Figure 5.2A
1
2
H
HO
3
H2O
4
H
Longer polymer
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Biomolecules form through dehydration
synthesis


Monomers join
together through a
process known as
Dehydration
synthesis
Loss of water to build
a bond
If we lose water to
BUILD a bond, How can
we break the bond?
Add water
Why would you want to
break down a polymer?
To extract the monomer subunit
The Breakdown of polymers

Polymers can disassemble by

Hydrolysis
HO
1
2
3
4
Hydrolysis adds a water
molecule, breaking a bond
HO
1
2
3
H
Figure 5.2B (b) Hydrolysis of a polymer
H
H2O
HO
H
Assessment
In your own words explain the difference
between dehydration synthesis and
hydrolysis
 Dehydration synthesis builds large
biomolecules by removing water to build a
bond
 Hydrolysis takes away a water molecule to
break a bond

Assessment

Draw and explain the process below
How are polymers and
biomolecules related?
large compounds built from
smaller repeating subunits
How does dehydration synthesis build
large biomolecules?
Thursday 11/19/15
AIM: Why are polysaccharides ideal for
energy storage?
 DO NOW: What type of foods contain
carbohydrates? Why do you need to eat
carbohydrates?
 HW:Textbook read page 63: 1- What are
the parts of a nucleotide? 2- What does
DNA stand for? RNA? 3- What is the
function of DNA 4- Explain how ATP stores
and releases energy.

Why are organic
compounds called
polymers?
Because they are big
compounds made from many
monomer subunits bonded
together
Biomolecules are polymers
Polymer
Monomer subunit
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
(simple sugar)
Protein
Amino acid
Lipid
Glycerol and fatty acids
Nucleic acid
Nucleotides
Monday 11/30/15
AIM: How do our bodies use carbohydrates?
 DO NOW: What is the difference between a
monomer and a polymer?
 What is the monomer for carbohydrates?
 What are large carbohydrates called?
 Why are carbohydrates polymers?
 Why are carbohydrates macromolecules?
 HW: Textbook read page 60 List ALL the
functions of carbohydrates. Question 6 page
63

DO NOW ANSWER 11/30/15

Monomer: one single subunit



Building blocks of larger compounds
EX: glucose, amino acid, glycerol, adenine
Polymer: many units


large molecule or compound built from small
repeating subunits
EX: starch, human growth hormone, fat, DNA
Biomolecules are polymers
Polymer
Monomer subunit
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
(simple sugar)
Protein
Amino acid
Lipid
Glycerol and fatty acids
Nucleic acid
Nucleotides
DO NOW ANSWER
Glucose is the most important
carbohydrate
 Because it is broken down in the process
of cellular respiration to release ATP:
cellular energy

Carbohydrates
Made up of C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio
 Sugars and starches, glycogen and
cellulose
 Also called monosaccharides and
polysaccharides
 They are very big biomolecules

What is a monosaccharide?



H
O
H
C
Aldoses

Carbohydrate
Simple sugar
Building blocks of
large carbohydrates
Broken down for
energy in the process
of cellular respiration
Glucose is the most
important
monosaccharide to
your life
Figure 5.3
O
Hexose sugars
(C6H12O6)
H
C
H
O
C
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
C
OH
H
H
C
OH
H
H
Ribose
H
H
C
H
C
OH
H
HO
C
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
H
Glucose
Galactose
H
C OH
H
C
O
H
C OH
H
C OH
C
O
O
C OH
H
C OH
HO
H
H
C OH
H
C OH
Dihydroxyacetone
H
C OH
H
C OH
H
H
C OH
H
Ribulose
O
C
H
Glyceraldehyde
Ketoses

Triose sugars Pentose sugars
(C3H6O3)
(C5H10O5)
C H
H
Fructose
Where does glucose come
from?
photosynthesis
What are some examples of
monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose,
deoxyribose. ribose
 C6H12O6

Deoxyribose and ribose(monosaccharides that help build
DNA)
How do monosaccharides build large
polysaccharides?
Dehydration synthesis
Loss of water between two molecules to
build a bond
 It is the process that builds polymers from
smaller subunits

Polysaccharides made only from glucose
monomers: Starch, glycogen, cellulose
Tuesday 12/1/15
AIM: How do biomolecules build living
things?
 DO NOW: 1- starting with the atom, end
with organism, list each level of
organization of the human body
 2- What is the difference between a
monosaccharide and polysaccharide?
 HOMEWORK: Text read pages 62-63.
Answer questions 3 and 4 on page 63

Organelle
Polysaccharides made only from glucose
monomers
Starch: long term energy stored in plants
 Glycogen: long term energy storage in
animals. Liver and muscle cells
 Cellulose: structural material in plants.
Builds the cell wall
can not be easily digested by animals.
acts as roughage to pass undigested food
through the body

Polysaccharides made from glucose

Monosaccharides or simple sugars
combine through the process of
dehydration synthesis to build large
polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose
and glycogen.
Chitin

A polysaccharide made from
monosaccharides that are NOT glucose
CH2O
H
O OH
H
H
OH H
OH
H
H
NH
C
O
CH3
(a) The structure of the (b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton
of arthropods. This cicada
chitin monomer.
is molting, shedding its old
exoskeleton and emerging
Figure 5.10 A–C
in adult form.
(c) Chitin is used to make a
strong and flexible surgical
thread that decomposes after
the wound or incision heals.
Assessment

Use the three molecules below to build a
polysacharide
Question

In your own words explain how
monosaccharides are related to
polysaccharides
Wednesday 12/2/15
AIM: How does dehydration synthesis
build high energy lipid molecules?
 DO NOW: In complete sentences explain
how monosaccharides build starches and
glycogen


Homework: Review sheet
How is starch different
from glycogen?
Assessment
1- What do glycogen, starch and cellulose
have in common?
 2- how is chitin built?
 3- how is chitin different from starch,
cellulose and glycogen?

Wednesday 12/2/15
AIM: Why do we need to eat fats?
 DO NOW: List 5 foods that contain fat.
 HOMEWORK: text read page 62 answer
the reading check on page 62 and
question 4 page 63

List 5 foods that contain
fat.
Why do we need to
incorporate fats and oils into
our daily diet?
Functions of lipids
Long term energy storage
 Insulation
 Protection: build cell membrane
 Hormones: steroids: chemical messengers

Examples of lipids

FAT, oil, wax, steroid
Dehydration synthesis forms lipids
Fat, oil and wax
 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
 Saturated fat: all carbons are saturated
 Unsaturated fat: not all carbons are bound

Dehydration synthesis forms lipids
Does oil and water mix?
Why or why not?
Oil is a lipid Water is an inorganic
compound

THEY DO NOT MIX because lipids have a
part that does NOT dissolve in water
List the 4 categories of biomolecules
Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates are biomolecules
because;______________
 Lipids are organic compound
because:______________
 Proteins are polymers
because:______________
 Nucleic Acids are macromolecules
because;_________________

Thursday12/3/15
AIM: What are the functions of the lipids?
 DO NOW: Explain why water and oil do
NOT mix
 Homework: pg 63 question 6
 BRING IN RED BOOK

DO NOW ANSWER
ALL LIPIDS have a hydrophobic part
 A part that does not dissolve in water
 WHY?
 Because it has a long chain of carbons
bonded to hydrogens
 The C-H bond is the STRONGEST it does
not want to be broken!!!!!!!!

LIPIDS: Oils, fats, waxes, phospholipids,
steroids
Hydrophobic: Made of long hydrocarbon
chains or tails. Makes lipid insoluble in
water it does not dissolve in water
 Hydrophillic:portion allows for parts of
lipid to be dissolved in water.

Fats oils and waxes
Characteristics of fats are determined by
hydrocarbon tail
 Unsaturated: such as peanut oil are
liquid at room temperature
 there are double binds between carbon
atoms in the hydrocarbon tail
 Saturated: animal fats are solid at room
temperature
 All carbon atoms are single bonded and
saturated with the maximum amount of
hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

FATS
Does oil and water mix?
NO!
What are the building
blocks of lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acid
Dehydration synthesis forms lipids
Lipid Structure Function
Animation - YouTube
Lipids

All lipids must have both a hydrophobic
and hydrophillic part to them
Tuesday 12/9/14
AIM: Why doesn’t water and oil mix?
 DO NOW: Explain why lipids are organic
compounds
 Explain why lipids are biomolecules
 HW page 63 question 7 also I am checking
question 6 tomorrow too

What makes oil and fat different?
The Carbon bonds in the fatty acid tail
 OIL: C=C
 FAT: C-C

What makes a fat
saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated vs unsaturated fats

Saturated fats: all carbons are single
bonded to other carbons in the fatty acid
tail

Causing the maximum amount of hydrogens to
bond


Saturating the carbons
Unsaturated fats; due to a double bond
between carbons in the fatty acid tail, not
all carbons are saturated with the
maximum amount of hydrogens
Friday 12/4/15
AIM: how do our bodies use organic
compounds?
 DO NOW: Take out last nights homework
 Write out and answer the following






1-Why are lipids polymers?
2- what are the building blocks of fats?
3- What are the building blocks of oils?
4- What are the building blocks of
phospholipids?
5- What is the difference between a saturated
and unsaturated fat?
FATS
Phospholipids: build cell membranes
•1 glycerol, 1 phosphate group, 2 fatty acids
Phospholipids vs triglycerides(fat
and oil)
By removing one of the fatty acids in a
triglyceride and replacing it with a
phosphate group makes the phospholipid
hydrophillic (water loving)
 The other 2 fatty acid tails make the
phospholipid hydrophobic

The cell membrane
Waxes
Protection
 Ex: Ear wax



Wax on the outer leaf of a plant
Waxes have 25 + carbons
Wax
Alcohol
Fatty Acid
Carnuba
CH3(CH2)28CH2-OH
CH3(CH2)24COOH
Beeswax
CH3(CH2)28CH2-OH
CH3(CH2)14COOH
Spermacetic
CH3(CH2)14CH2-OH
CH3(CH2)14COOH
Steroids: lipid hormones
Chemical messengers
 Cholesterol: found in membranes. Also
makes other steroids
 Estradiol(estrogen),progesterone and
testosterone: sex hormones


Give male or female sexual characteristics
Steroids: are chemical messengers

List and explain the function of the five
types of lipids discussed.
Friday 11/25/15
AIM: How can we test unknown solutions
for acidity and basicity?
 DO NOW: What does red litmus paper do?
 What does blue litmus paper do?
 HOMEWORK: Have a Great
Thanksgiving!!!!
