Transcript Humanism to the Renaissance

Gothic
Humanism
transition to the Renaissance
1300-1450
St. Francis and Jesus
as they lay dying,
both by Giotto
Giotto, c. 1300, fresco
Arena Chapel at Padua, Italy
What differences in the human body do you see?
Coppo di Marcovaldo,
Crucifixion, late 1250s
Giotto, Crucifixion, fresco, 1305
St. Francis of Assisi---1181-1226
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Founded the Franciscan Order
Saw God in the natural world
Lived a simple life of poverty
Preached to people in their
own language--vernacular
Renaissance humanism based
on Franciscan ideals
Giotto’s Assisi series, c. 1300, fresco, Assisi, Italy
•St. Francis receives enlightenment from the Holy Ghost
•St. Francis rejects one father in favor of another
Fresco technique
“FRESH”
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Cover wall with layer of
rough plaster
Allow to dry thoroughly
Artist makes preliminary
drawing in charcoal called
a cartoon on the surface
Thin layer of wet lime
plaster is applied
Pigment mixed with water
is painted on the wet
plaster
Selected area must be
done in one day
Sections must be knocked
out to redo
Quick work/ often bold or
sketchy in appearance
Giotto, c. 1300, fresco, Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy
Depicts the moment that Judas identifies Jesus to the officers by
giving him a kiss of betrayal
Christ’s Entry Into Jerusalem
Giotto’s fresco (1305) versus Duccio’s tempera on wood (1308)…..
which is more detailed?
By 1400, the Renaissance world is undergoing
many changes:
1455
1453
1492
Time of Expansion
is the world round??
Vespucci’s World, 1507
• Europeans begin traveling to seek sea routes to Asian lands
• Explorers begin to map and chart the world
• In 1492 Columbus sails the ocean blue, and….
• Spain is united under Ferdinand and Isabella…Spanish Conquistadors
conquer the Americas, destroying the Aztec and Incan empires, and….
• 60,000 Jews are displaced from Spain and Portugal as they become
Christian countries (European Diaspora)
• Lorenzo de Medici, powerful Florentine merchant, dies
How the body is affected by the zodiac, 1495
“How great and wonderful
is the dignity of the
human body; secondly,
how lofty and sublime
the human soul; and
finally, how great and
illustrious is the
excellence of man himself
made up of these two
parts.”
--Gianozzo Manetti, 1396-1459,
humanist author
Renaissance =
“Rebirth”
1400-1550
• Renewed interest in literature, art and
philosophy
• Greek and Roman antiquity
• Renewed interest in humanism
• Focus on the human individual as “the
measure of all things”
• Pursuit of learning in a secular rather than a
religious framework
• Interest in scientific examination of the
physical world
• Cultural world focuses back down to the
south---Italy
In Florence, culture, business and the church are developed and
controlled by a powerful banking family
Piero the Gouty, 1416-69
…the Medicis
Lorenzo, the Magnificent,
1449-92
Patron for Botticelli,
Michelangelo and
Leonardo
“Whoever wants to be
happy, let him be so, for
tomorrow there is no
knowing.”
Cosimo, 1389-1464
Cosimo
Piero
Gozzoli, Journey of the Magi, 1459
•Became bankers to the world
•Influenced
Lorenzothe arts through
patronage
•Responsible for the flowering of
Florence
•Lorenzo, supporting humanism,
studied the Greek classics and
brought back great books from
the east to be copied and
disseminated throughout Europe
Humanism Affects the Artist
How do you think the idea of humanism
changed the role of the artist?
•See an emphasis on the
individual artist’s genius,
intellect, and fame
•Artists now looked
upon as men of ideas,
not just skilled craftsmen
•Confidence, stamina,
and ability leads to
genius
•Renaissance artists
sought to become
universal in interests and
activities
Who are these
artistic giants of the
Renaissance?
Virtù
Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man