Transcript Renniance

The Italian
Renaissance
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Events ending the Middle Ages
Great Famine (1313-1322)
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Heavy rains led to flooding
Crops spoiled – livestock drowned
Result in Great Famine
Farm animals needed for work were slaughtered
for food, seed grain eaten
• Millions died from the famine
• Many questioned the Church why this happened
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Events ending the Middle Ages
• Black Death (1347-1351)
• The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
• 116 year war between England & France
– King of England claimed French throne
– Long war strengthened royal power in both
countries.
– Each king developed a standing army of foot
soldiers
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Events ending the Middle Ages
Hundred Years’ War:
– New weapons
• English long bow
• Gun-powder and cannons from China
– Both countries developed greater national
feeling and loyalty to kings.
– Joan of Arc (1429)
• Successfully drove the English out of the city
Orleans & crowned the new French king.
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Events ending the Middle Ages
Great Schism (1378-1417)
• Pope often clashed with Europe’s secular (nonreligious) rulers.
• Kings wanted to:
– appoint bishops who controlled large areas of land
– try priests in royal courts
– tax Church lands
• Pope resisted these demands
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Great Schism (1378-1417)
• 1305 – Frenchman elected Pope
– Moved Papacy from Rome to Avignon, France
– Church fell under French King’s influence
• 1378 – An Italian was elected Pope
– French cardinals claimed election was unlawful
• Elected a French Pope to keep Papacy in Avignon
• Created schism (split) weakened Church’s authority
• 1409 - Church Council made matters worse by electing
a third Pope
• 1417 - A new Church Council deposed all three and
elected a single Pope in but Church’s prestige was
weakened
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What was the Renaissance?
• The Renaissance was a time of
renewal
• Renaissance means rebirth
• A philosophical and artistic
movement.
• People had lost their faith in the
church and began to put more focus
on human beings.
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What was the Renaissance?
• Began in Italy
• As trade between Asia and
Europe increased, cities of
Italy emerged as centers
of banking and commerce
• Secular (things not
religious)
• Moved away from life in
the church
• Focuses more on
material objects and
enjoying life
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Italy failed to become united during the
Ages.
Many independent city-states emerged in
northern and central Italy that played an
important role in Italian politics and art.
Venice
Major Italian Cities
Milan
Venice
It attracts trade from all over the
world.
Florence
Florence
Controlled by the De Medici Family, who
became great patrons of the arts.
Milan
One of the richest cities, it controls
trade through the Alps.
All of these cities:
Had access to trade routes connecting
Europe with Middle Eastern markets
• Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to northern Europe
• Were initially independent city-states
governed as republics
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Italian Renaissance Writers
Francesco Petrarch
• Considered the father of
Humanism
• Sonnets to Laura
• Believed that God had given
man his intellect and
potential to be used to the
fullest.
Niccolo Machiavelli
• The Prince
• First work of political
science, instruction manual
to do what is necessary to
stay in power and stability.
• Looked to ancient Romans
as models
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• Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved
• Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making
• Ruler keeps power by any means necessary
• Be good when possible, and evil when necessary
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The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in
the arts, philosophy, and literature.
Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works
which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became
increasingly secular.
Renaissance art and literature
focused on individuals and worldly
matters, along with Christianity.
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•Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece
and Rome in their art
•They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on
humanity and emotion
•Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form
•Perspective
•Oil on canvass
•Three dimensional
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Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is
considered to be one of the most inspired men
who ever lived
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David
Michelangelo
created his
masterpiece
David in
1504.
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Sistine Chapel
Pope Julius II summoned
Michelangelo to Rome to
work on his most famous
project, the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel.
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1452-1519
Painter, Sculptor,
Architect,
Engineer, and
Scientist.
Genius!
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Mona Lisa
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The Last Supper
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Raphael
1483-1520
The Sistine
Madonna,
details of
the angels
(1512-1513)
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•In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using
movable metal type on a machine called a printing press.
•Printed books became cheap and easier to produce than
hand written copies
•Now, readers gained access to broad range of
knowledge.
•The printing press would greatly contribute to the
Protestant Reformation
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Northern Renaissance Writers
Thomas More
– Utopia: ideal society
– No one is lazy, all
people are educated,
and the justice system
is used to end crime
instead of executing
criminals.
– Served King Henry
VIII of England
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Northern Renaissance Writers
William Shakespeare
– Leading Literary figure
– Transformed wellknown stories into
dramatic masterpieces
– Portrayed personality
and human emotions
– Hamlet, Romeo &
Juliet, and Macbeth
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Characteristics of Northern
Renaissance Art
•The continuation of late medieval
attention to details.
•Tendency toward realism & naturalism
[less emphasis on the “classical ideal”].
•Interest in landscapes.
•More emphasis on middle-class and
peasant life.
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What was the Protestant
Reformation??
 Prior to the Reformation all
Christians were Roman Catholic
 The [REFORM]ation was an attempt
to REFORM the Catholic Church
 People like Martin Luther wanted to
get rid of the corruption and restore
the people’s faith in the church
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The Beginning
• The first break in the Catholic Church took
place in what is now Germany.
• Many people entered clergy to gain power
and wealth rather than because of faith.
• Members of the church acted more like
secular princes rather than spiritual leaders.
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The Beginning
• Johann Tetzel: sent to raise funds in
northern German states
• Indulgences: pardons from punishment for
sins
• Originally rewarded for good deeds
• Renaissance Popes simply sold them for
money.
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Martin Luther
Lived from 1483-1546 in
Germany
Father encouraged him to study
law
A sudden religious experience
inspired him to become a monk
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Martin Luther
• Found that the church’s methods for
overcoming sin gave him no comfort
• Turned to the bible for comfort
• Developed beliefs became known as
LUTHERANISM
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Lutheranism
• Ceremonies and good deeds made no
difference in saving a sinner
• Only thing that counted was inner faith in
God
• Simple faith could lead everyone to
salvation
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Luther’s 95 Theses
 A list of things he thought were wrong with
the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)
 Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in
Germany
 Gained support from people and criticism
from Church
 Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it
possible for Luther to spread his beliefs
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Luther’s 95 Theses
He criticized:
The Power of the Pope
The Extreme Wealth of the
Church
Indulgences (Catholic concept
of Salvation
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Luther on Trial
 The Edict of Worms
 1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give
up his beliefs
 Luther burned the order and was
excommunicated
 Luther went into hiding where he
translated the New Testament into
German – spreading his beliefs even
further
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He was the Pope during the
height of the corruption
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Anglican Church
 King Henry VIII caused the break
between England & the Roman
Catholic Church.
 Declared himself head of the
English church. (Act of
Supremacy 1534)
 Created the Church of England
with the King as head of the
church.
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John
Calvin
Anti-Catholic
Influenced by Martin Luther
Published a clear set of beliefs:
The Institutes of the Christian
Religion.
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Predestination
Calvin believed in:
 Salvation through
Predestination
It is already decided by God
who will be saved and who
will not be saved.
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Calvin believed
God knows everything that
will happen in your life
Purified approach to life:
No drinking, swearing, card
playing, gambling etc..
C
C
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Started in Switzerland –
Calvinists
France = Huguenots
England = Puritans
Scotland = Presbyterians
Germany = Reform Church
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Puritan
Presbyterian
Hugeunots
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Counter-Reformation
(Catholic Reformation)
• 1530’s Catholic Church started reform
• An attempt to return the church to an
emphasis on spiritual matters
• A campaign to stop the spread of
Protestantism.
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Counter-Reformation
• Pope Paul III
• Brought the inquisition to Rome
– Used to find & punish Heretics
– Cruel punishment to keep people within the
Catholic Church
• Pope Paul IV
-Index of Forbidden Books
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The Council of
Trent
• Council called by Pope Paul III called to
clarify the church’s teachings
RESULTS:
• Indulgences were a valid expression of faith
but selling them was banned.
• Tightened discipline within the clergy
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Counter-Reformation
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Society of Jesus: Jesuits (a religious order)
Ignatius de Loyola founded the Jesuits
Organized them like a military body
Stressed Education and founded some of the
best colleges in Europe.
• Worked to strengthen the faith of Catholics in
their schools
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Results
• A time of devastating religious wars in
France, Germany, the Netherlands, and
Switzerland.
• 30 Years War (1618-1648): Wars between
Catholics and Protestants.
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• Explained many of the events that took
place around them as the doing of spirits
• Wise people were often called “good
witches”
• “Witch hunting” occurred in the 1500s
and lasted for more than 100 years
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