Transcript significantly - The University of Texas at Dallas

Healing the Human Brain:
The Next Medical Revolution
Michael P. Kilgard
University of Texas at Dallas
Alzheimer’s Disease
Affects 4 million
Americans.
12 million predicted
by 2040.
Hearing Loss
22 million Americans suffer irreversible hearing loss.
1 million are deaf.
Migraine and Chronic Pain
75 million Americans with chronic pain.
Substance Abuse
22 million
Americans are
drug or alcohol
dependent.
Multiple Sclerosis
Stroke
Autism
Head Injury
Schizophrenia
Epilepsy
Depression
Anxiety Disorders
– 400,000
- 700,000 each year
– 500,000
- 750,000 each year
– 2,000,000
– 2,500,000
– 19,000,000
– 25,000,000
Anxiety disorder due to
a general medical condition
Yes
Panic disorder
Yes
Phobia
Yes
Separation anxiety disorder
Yes
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Yes
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Yes
Generalized anxiety disorder
Yes
Adjustment disorder with anxiety
Yes
Anxiety disorder
not otherwise specified
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Anxiety
Electroconvulsive therapy
Most neurological and psychiatric disorders
are neither preventable nor curable.
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Penicillin
Alexander Flemming
A Brief History of Antibiotics
Pasteur
Bacteria
Flemming
Penicillin
1877
1st Penicillin
Treatment
1928 1942
Death due to TB and
pneumonia plummets
1960’s
Present
A Brief History of Antibiotics and Vaccines
Pasteur
Bacteria
Flemming
Penicillin
1877
1st Penicillin
Treatment
1928 1942
1960’s
1796
1952
Jenner
Cowpox
Salk
Polio
U.S. life expectancy: 47 years
in 1900
Death due to TB and
pneumonia plummets
1977
Smallpox
eradicated
Present
1998
1 polio in U.S.
1 diphtheria
34 tetanus
89 measles
77 years
today
Easy and Hard Problems
of Infectious Disease
Staphylococcus vs.
HIV / AIDS
Revolution 2.0
DNA X-ray diffraction pattern - 1952
Protein
DNA
40,000 genes
What’s it all good for?
Phenylketonuria and Mental Retardation
HEREDITY:
Defective gene for
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
ENVIRONMENT:
Eating proteins rich
in the amino acid
phenylalanine
High blood levels
of phenylalanine
Abnormal
brain
development
Mental
retardation
Universal Newborn Testing for PKU
If positive,
change diet
Easy and Hard Problems
of Molecular Medicine
Phenylketonuria
HEREDITY:
Defective gene for
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
ENVIRONMENT:
Eating proteins rich
in the amino acid
phenylalanine
High blood levels
of phenylalanine
Abnormal
brain
development
Mental
retardation
vs.
Cancer
Revolution 3.0 ?
Healing the Brain…
Tools of Revolution
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pharmacology
Genetics
Stem cells
Functional brain imaging
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Deep brain stimulation
Computer-based training
Psychotherapy
Are There Any Easy Problems
in Clinical Neuroscience?
Easy Problem
in Clinical Neuroscience
Possibly
Constraint-induced
Rehabilitation
Easy Problems
in Clinical Neuroscience
Relatively
Pediatric
Amblyopia
Easy Problems
in Clinical Neuroscience
Relatively
Pediatric
Amblyopia
Occlusion
Easy Problems
in Clinical Neuroscience
Relatively
Pediatric
Amblyopia
Weakening
Easy Problems
in Clinical Neuroscience
Relatively
Pediatric
Amblyopia
No
Recovery
Easy Problems
in Clinical Neuroscience
Relatively
Pediatric
Amblyopia
Reverse
Patch
Easy Problems
in Clinical Neuroscience
Relatively
Pediatric
Amblyopia
Restoration
Solvable Problems
in Clinical Neuroscience
Deafness
Hearing Loss
22 million
Americans
suffer
irreversible
hearing loss.
1 million are
deaf.
Engineering Solutions
to Neuroscience Problems
16 channel rechargeable
implantable pulse generator for
treatment of chronic pain
ANS – Plano, Texas
Engineering Solutions
to Neuroscience Problems
Cyberonics - Houston, Texas
Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Epilepsy, Depression
32,000 patients
Parkinson’s
Basal
Ganglia
Disease
Circuit
X
Engineering Solutions
to Neuroscience Problems
30,000 people
MRI and x-ray showing stimulating electrodes in
thalamus of a patient with Parkinson’s Disease
Other tools
Optical Imaging
Other tools
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
What are the hallmarks of curable disorders?
Single
Cause
or
Feedback
Insult
Disuse
Neural
Weakening
Dysfunction
Stroke
Disuse
Neural
Weakening
Motor
Dysfunction
MCI
Neural
Isolation Weakening
Cognitive
Dysfunction
Autism
Neural
Isolation Weakening
Language
Dysfunction
Today most neurological and psychiatric disorders
are neither preventable nor curable.
How will the world look when they are?
The coming Brain Revolution will significantly alter:
Medicine
Economy
- Lifespan
- Quality of Life
- Improved efficiency
- New designs
Philosophy
- Greater understanding
Education
Justice System
- Level the field
- Culpability
- Treatment
- Improved efficiency
Thanks to:
Reprogramming the Human Brain Symposium
April 12 -13, 2007