Transcript Durand and Barlow Chapter 2: An Integrative Approach to

Chapter 2
An Integrative Approach to
Psychopathology
One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional
Models
• One-Dimensional Models
– Explain behavior in terms of a single cause
– Could mean a paradigm, school, or
conceptual approach
– Tendency to ignore information from other
areas
One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional
Models (continued)
• Multidimensional Models
– Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative
– “System” of influences that cause and
maintain suffering
– Draws upon information from several
sources
– Abnormal behavior is multiply determined
Multidimensional Models of Abnormal
Behavior
• Major Influences
– Biological
– Behavioral
– Emotional
– Social & Cultural
– Developmental
Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology
• Phenotype vs. Genotype
• Nature of Genes
– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – The double
helix
– 23 pairs of chromosomes
– Dominant vs. recessive genes
– Development and behavior is often
polygenetic
• Genetic Contribution to Psychopathology
– Less than 50%
The Interaction of Genetic and
Environmental Effects
• Eric Kandel and Gene-Environment
Interactions
• The Diathesis-Stress Model
– Examples: Blood-injury-injection phobia,
alcoholism
The Interaction of Genetic and
Environmental Effects (continued)
• Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model
– Examples: Depression, impulsivity
• Non-Genomic Inheritance of Behavior
– Genes are not the whole story
– Environmental influences may override
genetics
Neuroscience Contributions to
Psychopathology
• The Field of Neuroscience
– The role of the nervous system in disease
and behavior
• Branches of Human Nervous System
– The Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Brain and spinal cord
– The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Somatic and autonomic branches
Neuroscience and the Central Nervous
System
• The Neuron
– Soma – Cell body
– Dendrites – Branches that receive
messages from other neurons
– Axon – Trunk of neuron that sends
messages to other neurons
– Axon terminals – Buds at end of axon from
which chemical messages are sent
– Synapses – Small gaps that separate
neurons
Neuroscience and the Central Nervous
System (continued)
• Neurons Operate Electrically, but
Communicate Chemically
– Neurotransmitters are the chemical
messengers
Overview: Neuroscience and Brain Structure
• Two Main Parts
– Brainstem and forebrain
• Three Main Divisions
– Hindbrain
– Midbrain
– Forebrain
Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain
• Hindbrain
– Medulla – Heart rate, blood pressure,
respiration
– Pons – Regulates sleep stages
– Cerebellum – Involved in physical
coordination
• Midbrain
– Coordinates movement with sensory input
– Contains parts of the reticular activating
system (RAS)
Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain
(continued)
• Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
– Most sensory, emotional, and cognitive
processing
– Two specialized hemispheres
Major Structures of the Brain
Fig. 2.6b1, p. 47
Major Structures of the Brain
Fig. 2.6b2, p. 47
Neuroscience and Brain Structure
• Lobes of Cerebral Cortex
– Frontal – Thinking and reasoning abilities,
memory
– Parietal – Touch recognition
– Occipital – Integrates visual input
– Temporal – Recognition of sights and
sounds, long-term memory storage
Neuroscience and Brain Structure
(continued)
• Limbic System
– Thalamus – Receives and integrates
sensory information
– Hypothalamus – Eating, drinking,
aggression, sexual activity
Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and
Endocrine Systems
• Somatic Branch of PNS
– Controls voluntary muscles and movement
• Autonomic Branch of the PNS
– Sympathetic and parasympathetic
branches
– Regulates cardiovascular system & body
temperature
– Also regulates the endocrine system and
aids in digestion
Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and
Endocrine Systems (continued)
• The Endocrine System
– Hormones
• The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical
Axis (HYPAC axis)
– Integration of endocrine and nervous
system function
Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of
Neurotransmitters
• Functions of Neurotransmitters
– Agonists, antagonists, and inverse
agonists
– Most drugs are either agnostic or
antagonistic
Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of
Neurotransmitters (continued)
• Main Types of Neurotransmitters
– Serotonin (5HT)
– Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
– Norepinephrine
– Dopamine
Major Serotonin Pathways in the Brain
Fig. 2.10, p. 51
Manipulating Serotonin in the Brain
Fig. 2.11, p. 52
Implications of Neuroscience for
Psychopathology
• Relations Between Brain and Abnormal
Behavior
– Example: Obsessive compulsive disorder
(OCD)
• Psychosocial Influences
– Can change brain structure and function
Implications of Neuroscience for
Psychopathology (continued)
• Therapy
– Also can change brain structure and
function
– Medications and psychotherapy
• Psychosocial Factors
– Interact with brain structure and function
The Contributions of Behavioral and
Cognitive Science
• Conditioning and Cognitive Processes
– Respondent and operant learning
– Learned helplessness
– Social Learning
• Modeling and observational learning
– Prepared learning
The Contributions of Behavioral and
Cognitive Science (continued)
• Cognitive Science and the Unconscious
– Implicit memory
– Blind sight
– Stroop paradigm
The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology
• The Nature of Emotion
– To elicit or evoke action
– Action tendency different from affect and
mood
– Intimately tied with several forms of
psychopathology
The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology
(continued)
• Components of Emotion
– Behavior, physiology, and cognition
– Example of fear
• Harmful Side of Emotional Dysregulation
– Anger, hostility, emotional suppression,
illness, and psychopathology
Emotion has three important and
overlapping components:
behavior, cognition,and physiology
Fig. 2.15, p. 62
Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors in
Psychopathology
• Cultural Factors
– Influence the form and expression of behavior
• Gender Effects
– Exerts a strong and puzzling effect on
psychopathology
• Social Effects on Health and Behavior
– Frequency and quality important
– Related to mortality, disease, and
psychopathology
Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors in
Psychopathology (continued)
• Stigma of Psychopathology
– Culturally, socially, and interpersonally
situated
Life-Span and Developmental Influences
Over Psychopathology
• Life-Span Developmental Perspective
– Addresses developmental changes
– Influence and constrain what is normal and
abnormal
• The Principle of Equifinality
– From developmental psychopathology
– Several paths to a given outcome
– Paths vary by developmental stage
Summary of the Multidimensional
Perspective of Psychopathology
• Multiple Causation
– Is the rule, not the exception
• Take a Broad, Comprehensive, Systemic
Perspective
– Biological
– Psychological
– Social, cultural, and developmental factors
Summary of the Multidimensional
Perspective of Psychopathology (continued)
• Comprehensive Approach
– Understanding the causes of
psychopathology
– To best alleviate and prevent
psychopathology