Transcript Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology

Historical perspective
of A&P
 Pre-scientific period

Cavemen – intimate
knowledge about
animal anatomy
Scientific period



Mesopotamia –
examined the body
Records found on
cuneiform tablets
Egypt – did dissection
for embalming (but
not systematic
examination)
Eastern (Japan/China) 3000BC
Herbalists and
acupuncture
(anatomy)
Grecian period







Hippocrates 460-377 BC
Humoral theory:
 health determined by balance of 4 fluids
Blood (red) – liver
Choler – (yellow) – yellow bile – gall bladder
Phlegm – (white) - lungs
Melancholy – (black) - black bile - spleen
Key contribution: disease was natural,
not “by the gods”
Aristotle 384-322 BC



Dissection (with
embryology and
zoology)
However, there
were errors:
Ex. Brain was for
cooling the blood
5) Alexandrian period (322-30BC)




Anatomy rose as a detailed science
However, done via human vivisection of
prisoners or with cadavers
Herophilus – described brain structures
& spinal cord (vivisection of prisoners)
Erisistratus – father of physiology
Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci –
anatomy  cadaver
dissection
17th/18th centuries
Harvey – demonstrated blood circulation
Leeuwenhoek – “father of histology” designed
microscope
19th/20th centuries

Explosion of anatomical, histological,
physiological and pharmacological
discoveries
DEFINITIONS
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of
the body and body parts
From the Greek words “tomy” to cut
and “ana” apart
 Physiology – study of how the body and its parts
work or function (systems)
 Growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion,
metabolism, circulation, absorption, excretion,
movement

Other disciplines arise from A&P




Histology – study of tissue structure
Pathology – disease processes
Pathophysiology – how the body responds to
disease
Pharmacology – medicine to repair the
imbalance
How is any living thing organized?
Definitions1. Atoms
2. Macromolecules
3. Cells
4. Tissue
5. Organ
6. Organ System
7. Organism-
MACROMOLECULES
Macromolecules
What Elements make up the
Human Body?

4 Elements make up 96.1% of the human
body (by mass)




OXYGEN- 65 % in water- used as a gas by
every cell to oxidated glucose (cellular
respiration)
CARBON- 18.5% primary component of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids
HYDROGEN- 9.5% found in most organic
molecules- also influences the pH levels of
body fluids
NITROGEN- 3.2% component of proteins and
TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9%)





CALCIUM- (1.5%)-salt form found in
bones and teeth
PHOSPHORUS- 1 %- salt form found in
bones and teeth- also used in ATP
POTASSIUM- (0.4%)ionic form used to
transmit nerve impulses
SULFUR- (0.3%)- component of proteins
SODIUM- ( 0.2%) ion used in water
balance and conduction of nerve impulses
TRACE ELEMENTS (3.9%)




CHLORINE- (0.2%) negative ion in the
body- electrolytes and nerve impulses
MAGNESIUM-(0.1%) makes up enzymes
used in many metabolic reactions
IODINE- (0.1%)- needed to make
functional thyroid hormones
IRON- (0.1%)- in hemoglobin- carries
oxygen in the blood
Compounds in the Human Body
WATER- makes up about two-thirds of the
total body weight
4 functions
1. High heat capacity- can absorb and
release large amounts of heat without
changing temperature -homeostasis of
the body temp.
WATER
2.
3.
4.
UNIVERSAL SOLVENT- its polarity
properties allow it to dissolve solids,
liquids and gases.
CHEMICALLY REACTIVE- water is the
essential part in hydrolysis reactions
which breakdown complex sugars and
proteins
CUSHIONING- examples are
cerebrospinal fluid that cushion the brain
and amniotic fluid that cushion a
developing fetus
SALTS

Mostly calcium and phosphorus are easily
ionized by water and can conduct
electrical currents in solution(electrolytes)
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CARBOHYDRATES- sugars, and starches
contain C, H, and O in a certain ratio
GLUCOSE- monosaccharide that is refered
to as “blood sugar”
GLYCOGEN- polysaccharide in animals that
stores energy- found in the muscles and
liver
LIPIDS
LIPIDS-(fats) contain long chains of C and H
PHOSPHOLIPID- 2 fatty acid chains connected to
a phosphate head (cell membrane)
NEUTRAL FATS- (TRIGLYCERIDES) 3 fatty acid
chains connected to a glycerol molecule(storage of energy) usually found just beneath
the skin and around body organs
LIPIDS
STEROIDS- 4 interlocking rings of C and H
CHOLESTEROL- found in cell membrane
(keeps its fluid) used to make vitamin D,
used to make sex hormones. (estrogen,
testosterone)
PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS- (26) building blocks of
proteins- contains an amine group
(Nitrogen atom connected with 2
hydrogen atoms) connected to a long
chain of carbons
FIBROUS PROTEINS- bind structures
together- (tough) examples are Keratin
and Collagen
PROTEINS
GLOBULAR PROTEINS- “functional proteins”
that are mobile and perform biological
processes
Examples are antibodies, hormones
(growth hormone and insulin), and
enzymes
ENZYMES
CATALYSTS- speed up a chemical reaction
(by lowering the activation energy)without
become part of the chemical reactionEnzymes bind to molecule at specific active
sites then release after the reaction.
Enzymes are designated with the suffix -ASE
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDES are the building blocks
1. adenine
2. guanine
3. cytosine
4. thymine
5. uracil
Form long chains DNA or RNA
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

ATP- provides the chemical energy used
in all cells