Transcript Activity 7 - SLCC Anatomy

Activity 7:
Nervous System Histology, Brain, &
Cranial Nerves
Chapters 14 & 15 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e.
Objectives:
• Histology: Identify structures indicated on three different
slides or images of nervous system tissue. Some of these are
also visible on the classroom model of a neuron.
• Human brain: Identify listed structures of the human brain on
classroom models, the cranial meninges, and structures
involved in cerebrospinal fluid circulation.
• Human brain: Identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name
and number on a model and on the sheep brain.
• Dissect a sheep brain and identify structures listed.
Compilation: Mohammad Tomaraei & Cristin Fail
1
Nervous System Tissues: Spinal Cord Smear (Histology)
2
Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Illustration)
3
Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Histology)
4
Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Histology)
5
Nervous System Tissues: Teased Myelinated Nerve Fibers (Histology)
6
Nervous System Tissues: Multipolar Neuron Model
7
Nervous System Tissues: Multipolar Neuron Illustration
8
Brain Anatomy – Adult Human Brain
9
Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain
10
Brain Anatomy – Adult Human Brain
11
Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain
12
Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain
13
Brain Anatomy – Cerebrum
14
Brain Anatomy – Cerebrum
• Cerebral hemispheres are divided by the longitudinal fissure into left
and right sides
• Central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from parietal lobes
15
Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain
16
Brain Anatomy – White Matter of Cerebrum
17
Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Hemispheres
18
Brain Anatomy – Hemispheric Lateralization
19
Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain
20
Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain & their Functions
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
• Primary Motor
Cortex
(Precentral
Gyrus)
• Voluntary motor
functions
• Concentration
• Verbal
communication
• Decision making
• Planning
• Personality
• Primary
Somatosensory
Cortex
(Postcentral
Gyrus)
• Sensory
functions (Pain,
heat and other
sensations)
• Comprehension
of language
Occipital
Lobe
• Primary
Visual
Cortex
• Processing
visual
information
• Storing
visual
memories
Temporal
Lobe
Brain
Stem
• Understanding
Speech
• Interpretation
and storage of
auditory and
olfactory
sensations
• Breathing
• Swallowing
• Heart rate
Includes
Midbrain,
Pons, and
Medulla
Oblongata
Cerebellum
• Coordination
• Balance
• Stores
memories of
previously
learned
movement
patterns
21
Brain Anatomy – Primary Somatosensory Cortex
The amount of cortex devoted to any given body region is
proportional to how richly innervated that region is.
22
Brain Anatomy – Homunculus Model
Which model is more realistic?
23
Brain Anatomy – Cross-section Brain Model
1.
2.
Corpus Callosum
Corpora Quadrigemina
(Tectal Plate)
• Superior Colliculus (pl.
colliculi)
• Inferior Colliculus
3. Cerebellum (Arbor Vitae)
4. 4th Ventricle
5. Central canal of spinal cord
6. Medulla Oblongata
7. Pons
8. Pituitary gland
9. Optic Chiasm
10. Hypothalamus
11. Thalamus
12. Septum Pellucidum
13. Fornix
14. Pineal Gland
24
Brain Anatomy – Corpus Callosum
• Carries messages between the
left and right hemispheres
• Its under surface forms the roof of
the body of the lateral ventricle.
25
Brain Anatomy - Diencephalon
• Sits on top of the brain stem
• Enclosed by the cerebral
hemispheres
• Made of three parts
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Epithalamus
26
Brain Anatomy - Diencephalon
27
Brain Anatomy – Epithalamus & Pineal Gland
• Pineal gland is an
endocrine gland that
secretes the hormone
Melatonin.
• Melatonin helps
regulate day-night
cycles known as the
body’s Circadian
Rhythm.
28
Brain Anatomy – Thalamus & the Interthalamic Adhesion
• The Interthalamic
Adhesion is
located midsagitally
and connects the
left and right
thalamic bodies
29
Brain Anatomy – Hypothalamus
Includes:
• Mammillary
Body
• Infundibulum
• Pituitary Gland
• Optic Chiasm
• Optic Tracts
• 3rd Ventricle
30
Brain Anatomy – Functions of Hypothalamus
• Master control of the autonomic nervous system
• Heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities and respiration
• Master control of the endocrine system
• Metabolism, growth, stress responses and reproduction
• Regulation of body temperature
• Body’s “thermostat”, detects altered blood temperatures, heat or cool
the body: shivering/sweating
• Control of emotional behavior
• Emotional responses: pleasure, aggression, fear, rage, contentment
and sex drive
• Control of food intake
• Monitors levels of glucose and amino acids in the blood and
produces sensations of hunger
• Control of water intake
• Monitors blood solute concentration
• Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms
• The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus directs the Pineal gland to secrete
melatonin, regulating circadian rhythms.
31
Brain Anatomy – Brain Stem
Includes:
• Midbrain
(mesencephalon)
• Pons
• Medulla Oblongata
32
Brain Anatomy – Overview of Brain Stem Functions
33
Brain Anatomy – Midbrain
Includes:
• Corpora Quadrigemina
(tectal plate)
• Superior Colliculus:
Visual reflex center
(turns eyes and head
in response to visual
stimulus)
• Inferior Colliculus:
Auditory reflex center
(turns eyes and head
in the direction of a
sound)
• Cerebral Peduncles
34
Brain Anatomy – Pons
Functions:
• Bridge between the
cerebellum and
cerebrum
• Houses cranial nerves
• Trigeminal (CN V)
• Abducens (CN VI)
• Facial (CN VII)
• Some of the nuclei for
Vestibulocochlear (CN
VIII)
• Helps regulate skeletal
muscles of breathing
35
Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata
Functions:
• Regulates heart rate
and strength of
contraction
• Controls blood pressure
• Regulates respiratory
rate
• Involved in coughing,
sneezing, salivating,
swallowing, gagging
and vomiting
36
Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata & Pons
37
Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata & Pons
38
Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum
Functions:
• Processes sensory input
• Coordinates movement
output
• Balance
Includes:
• Vermis
• Separates right and left
hemispheres
• Arbor Vitae (“tree of life”)
39
Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum
40
Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum
41
Brain Anatomy – Meninges and Spaces
42
Brain Anatomy – Cranial Dural Septa
43
Brain Anatomy – Dural Venous Sinuses
44
Brain Anatomy – Ventricles
45
Brain Anatomy – Ventricles
46
Brain Anatomy – Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
47
Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves
1.
Olfactory nerve (I)
2.
Optic nerve (II)
3.
Oculomotor nerve (III)
4.
Trochlear nerve (IV)
5.
Trigeminal nerve (V)
6.
Abducens nerve (VI)
7.
Facial nerve (VII)
8.
Vestibulocochlear nerve
(VIII)
9.
Glossopharyngeal nerve
(IX)
10. Vagus Nerve (X)
11. Accessory Nerve (XI)
12. Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
48
Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves
49
Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves
Sensory, Motor or Both
1. Some
2. Say
3. Marry
4. Money
5. But
6. My
7. Brother
8. Says
9. Big
10.Brains
11.Matter
12.Most
50
Brain Anatomy – Origins of Cranial Nerves
51
Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain
52
Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain
53
Brain Anatomy – Trigeminal Nerve
54
Brain Anatomy – Facial Nerve
55
Brain Anatomy – Vestibulocochlear Nerve
56
Brain Anatomy – Glossopharyngeal Nerve
57
Brain Anatomy – Vagus Nerve
58
Brain Anatomy – Accessory & Hypoglossal Nerve
59
Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Nuclei
Includes:
• Caudate Nucleus
• Lentiform Nucleus
• Putamen
• Globus Pallidus
• Claustrum
• Amygdaloid body
60
Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Nuclei
61
Brain Anatomy – Functions of Cerebral Nuclei
• Caudate
• Spatial processing
• Posture and directed movements
• Putamen
• Controls muscular movements at the subconscious level
• Globus Pallidus
• Excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control muscle tone
• Amygdaloid body
• Expression of emotions , control of behavioral activities, development of
moods
• Claustrum
• Processes visual information at a subconscious level
62
Brain Anatomy – Lobes & Structures of the Brain
B.
A.
G.
F.
C.
E.
D.
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
63
Brain Anatomy – Lobes & Structures of the Brain
A. Central Sulcus
B. Frontal Lobe
C. Lateral Fissure
A. (groove)
G.
B.
D. Temporal Lobe
F.
E. Transverse Fissure
F. Occipital Lobe
C. (groove)
G. Parietal Lobe
E.
D.
(groove)
64
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif