Transcript Carbon - Paradise High School

Carbon
Carbon Chemistry: Molecules that
contain carbon = organic molecules
Why carbon?
• Forms stable covalent
Bonds
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
The tetravalence of C is one property of
carbon that makes it versatile in
forming many different complex
C
molecules.
 carbon shares four e- pairs:
single bonds:
double bonds:
• Hydrocarbons = consist only of C and H
- bonds are covalent and non-polar
- release lots of E when bonds are
broken
- don’t exist independently in living
organisms, but cell’s organic
molecules contain regions of H-C.
Example of molecules with lots of HC’s:
Fats have H-C tails
Petroleum (Fossil fuels = partially
decomposed remains of organisms
that lived millions of years ago)
Functional Groups / Characteristics
• Organic molecules have different
properties as a result of their structures
which is dependent on their functional
groups.
• The functional group is the variable
portion of the molecule.
• Some general characteristics:
hydrophilic & polar (due to
electronegative O atom)
a. Hydroxyl group – attract water, helping
to dissolve organic compounds
b. Carboxyl group – form acids
(has own source of H+)
c. Amino group – form bases
(can pick up H+ from solution)
d. Phosphate group – can transfer
energy between organic molecules
e. Carbonyl group – characterizes sugars
- Aldehydes: at end of C-H chain
- Keytones: in middle of C-H chain
f.
Ether
g. Ester
hydrophobic and non-polar
h. Sulfhydryl group – helps stabilize
protein structure -
Carbon atoms are named for:
1. # of C atoms ~ 1st part of name
2. # of bonds ~ 2nd part of name
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Part 1:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
1 = meth2 = eth3 = prop4 = but(“e”)5 = pent-
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
6 = hex7 = hept8 = oct9 = non10 = dec
a.
Part 2
b.
c.
Single bond = alkANE
Double bond = alkENE
Triple bond = alkYNE
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Examples:
Changing the location of the functional group
gives the molecule different properties:
Example:
Propanol
(propyl alcohol)
Isoproponal
(isopropyl alcohol)
Used in
pharmaceuticals
Used as a solvent;
ex. oil spills
Isomers = compounds that have the same
number of atoms of the same element
but different structures and therefore,
different properties.
a.Structural Isomers – differ in covalent
arrangements of their atoms
b.Geometric Isomers – same covalent
arrangement, but differ in spatial
arrangement.
c.Enantiomers (stereo isomers, optical
isomers) – molecules that are mirror
images of one another.
 Important in pharmaceuticals
Ex. Thalidomide = given to pregnant
women in the 1950’s and 1960’s to
relieve morning sickness.
Contained a mixture of enantiomers:
one helped with morning sickness the
other caused a birth defect. Even the
“good” enantiomer would convert to the
“bad” one in the patient’s body.