Transcript Ch. 4 ppt - Fort Thomas Independent Schools

Chapter 4
Carbon and the
Molecular Diversity of
Life
Organic Chemistry
The
study of carbon
compounds.
Urea
Carbon’s versatility
Forms
4 covalent bonds.
Molecular shape is
tetrahedral.
Bonds
easily to itself.
Major Elements Of
Organic Molecules
Carbon: +4 or
Hydrogen: +1
Oxygen:
-2
Nitrogen: -3
-4
The
valences are the “rules”
for building organic
molecules.
Hydrocarbons
Organic
molecules made of
only carbon and hydrogen.
Examples
Isomers
Compounds
with the same
molecular formula but have
different structures.
Result: Different molecular
and chemical properties.
Types Of Isomers
1.
2.
3.
Structural
Geometric
Enantiomers
Structural Isomers
Different
in covalent
arrangements of their atoms.
Butane
Isobutane
Geometric Isomers
Same
covalent partnership
but differ in spatial
arrangements.
Arise from the inflexibility of
double bonds.
Enantiomers
Molecules
that are mirror
images of each other.
Usually involve an
asymmetric carbon.
Comment
Organisms
are sensitive to
even the most subtle
variations in molecular
architecture.
Example - Thalidomide
Cells
can distinguish
between two isomers.
One is an effective drug.
The other causes birth
defects.
Functional Groups
A
group of atoms attached to
a carbon skeleton.
Have consistent properties.
Their number and kind give
properties to the molecule.
Importance of
Functional Groups
What to focus on:
Structure
of the functional
group
Properties of the functional
group
Examples of molecules with
the functional group
Aldehydes
A
carbonyl group at the end
of a carbon skeleton.
Ex. - C=O
|
H
Sometimes written as
- CHO
Ketones
A
carbonyl group in the
middle of a carbon chain.
Ex.
-C-C-C||
0
Carboxylic Acids
H+ (acid).
Form many weak organic
acids.
Donate
Summary
Be
able to recognize isomers.
Know the seven functional
groups and what properties
they give to molecules.