Transcript No Slide Title

Are Essential Fatty Acids a Bottleneck to
Reproduction?
Elliot Block, Senior Principle Scientist
ARM & HAMMER® Animal Nutrition
469 North Harrison St., Princeton, NJ 08543
[email protected]
Outline
• Summary
• Introduction
– Why and What
• Description of Studies
– Herds, Cows, Diets
• Results
– Reproduction, Milk Production
– Health, Economics
• Conclusions and Recommendations
Protein
• Amino Acids
Fat
• Fatty Acids
Protein
Fat
• Amino Acids
• Fatty Acids
• Essential Amino
Acids
• Essential Fatty
– Required in the diet
(cannot be made in
the body)
Acids
- Required in the diet
(cannot be made
in the body)
Protein
Fat
• Amino Acids
• Fatty Acids
• Essential Amino
Acids
• Essential Fatty
– Required in the diet
– Methionine, lysine,
etc.
(10 total)
Acids
- Required in the diet
- Linoleic acid (18:2)
- Linolenic acid (18:3)
(only two)
Fat
Fat
Crude Fat
(Ether Extract)
Fatty Acids
Energy
Energy
Fermentation,
Digestion,
Metabolic Effects
Milk Response to Rumen Active-Fat (Hypothetical Model)
Milk Increase, lb/d
I
II
+
0
-
Jenkins, 1998
Added Fat, %
III
Bypass Fat - Breaks the Fat Barrier
MEGALAC
Milk Increase, lb/d
I
II
+
0
-
Jenkins, 1998
Added Fat, %
III
Fat Feeding Work Sheet - A Service of Church & Dwight Animal Nutrition Group
Boxes in Blue are user inputs. Put the cursor over cells
with a red triangle in the corner for more information.
1
80 lbs milk per day
2
3.7% % milk fat
3
49 Lbs. dry matter intake per day
4 64.06% % UFA in "rumen-active" fat (From Table 1)
5 23.5% % fatty acids in "rumen-active" fat (From Table 1)
6 84.5% % fatty acids in MEGALAC
7
2.66 Lbs. of fatty acids that can be fed
8
1.14 Lbs. of fatty acids from basal ingredients
9
1.52 Lbs. of added fatty acids needed from feed stuffs
10a
30% Ration NDF level
10b 1.87% Max Percent "rumen active" fat
11
0.92 Max Lbs. "rumen active fat" that can be fed
12
0.60 Lbs. of Rumen Inert Fatty Acids that can be fed.
13
3.90 Max Lbs. "rumen active" fat ingredients (based on ratio
of fat in Table 1) that could be fed (according to article)
14
0.71 Minimum Lbs. of MEGALAC that should be fed
Table 1. Fat source, unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) values, total
fat, Lbs. fed and composition of rumen active fat source.
Blended UFA level 64.1% % FA
"Rumen Active"
Blended % F. A. level 23.5% in
Start % of Calculated
Fat Source
% UFA Ingred. LBS
Fed LBS
Tallow
45% 90%
0.25 8%
Animal-Veg
52% 90%
0.00 0%
Poultry Fat
61% 90%
0.00 0%
Restaurant Grease
71% 90%
0.00 0%
Whole Cottonseed
72% 18%
3.00 92%
Whole Soybeans
85% 17%
0.00 0%
Corn Distillers
85%
9%
0.00 0%
Hominy
85% 16%
0.00 0%
Canola Oil
90% 90%
0.00 0%
Bakery
90% 10%
0.00 0%
Hominy
85%
7%
0.00 0%
user input
85%
9%
0.00 0%
Total
3.25 100%
0.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.90
Start LBS Less Than Maximum Fat Feeding Rates
Basal Fat Acid %
2.5%
Start
Calculated
LBS
LBS
MEGALAC Fed
0.00
0.71
Spread Sheet Adapted from September 25,1998 Hoard's Dairyman Article by Jenkins & Chandler
Essential Fatty Acids
• Linoleic (18:2)
• Linolenic (18:3)
Reproduction Research and Fat
• Staples and Thatcher, University of Florida
• Reviewed Studies in 1997
• Feeding fat:
– Increased number and size of ovarian follicles
– Conception rate 17% greater (11 of 18 studies)
• Fat source most studied - MEGALAC®
– Statistically improved pregnancy rates!
• Why??????????
Why:
MEGALAC®-R
Essential Fatty Acids:
A Source of Essential Fatty Acids
– These are lost in milk of high-producing cows
– Supplemental Essential Fatty Acids:
•
•
•
•
Increase size of ovulating follicle
Improve embryo survival
Increase pregnancies
Have potential to improve health
Linoleic
18:2 to 20:4
(omega 6)
Linolenic
18:3 to 20:5
and 22:6
(omega 3)
20:4
omega 6
PGE2
PGF2
20:5
omega 3
PGE3
PGF3
22:6
omega 3
Lipid Bilayer
How much linoleic acid (18:2) does a cow
secrete per day in milk?
In milk, 2 to 6% of milk fat is 18:2
100 lbs/day @ 3.5% fat and 4% 18:2 = 0.14 lbs/day 18:2
(64g/day)
Assuming no other need for 18:2, this would be the
requirement
Since other cells in the body and other functions require linoleic
acid (18:2), there
is likely an additional requirement for 18:2 above this 64 g/day
Using the CPM fat sub-model simulating several (12) rations:
DMI ranging from 22 to 29 kg/day

Ingredients

Alfalfa, Corn Silage (30:70 to 70:30)

SBM (1-3.5 kg/d)

Corn (6-9 kg/d)

Fish meal (0-1 kg/d)

MEGALAC (0-1 kg/d)

Duodenal appearance of 18:2 ranged from
39 to 63 g/d vs. 64 g secreted
Effect of Long Chain Fatty Acids on Reproductive
Tissues and
Lactation Performance of Holstein Cows
C.R. Staples et al. 2000
Early Lactation Study; Dairy Science Meetings, 2001
TABLE 2. Ingredient composition of experimental diets.
Ingredient
Control
Oleic
acid
Linoleic
acid
EPA &
DHA
- - - - - - - % of dietary DM - - - - - Alfalfa silage
41.9
41.9
41.9
41.9
Corn silage
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
Ground corn
25.4
23.3
23.3
23.3
Dried distillers grains
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
Soybean meal
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.8
Blood meal
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
Porcine
Meat
andmeat/bone
bone mealml
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Fatty acid mix1
…
2.2
2.2
2.2
TABLE 5. Size of ovarian structures of lactating dairy
cows fed different supplemental fatty acids.
Ovarian structure
Oleic Linoleic EPA &
Control acid
acid
DHA
SE
Dominant follicle,
mm
19.5
17.8
17.1
16.1
2.1
Final ovulatory
follicle, mm 1
14.3
14.4
17.1
17.1
1.3
Corpus luteum, mm
25.6
24.9
25.3
23.0
1.5
1
Oleic acid vs. (linoleic acid + EPA & DHA), P < 0.05.
TABLE 6. Induction of mRNA for prostaglandin
endoperoxide synthase-2 from biopsies of the uterus and
corpus luteum taken 4 hours after an oxytocin injection
(i.v.) on day 15 of a synchronized estrous cycle.
Tissue
Control
Oleic
acid
Linoleic EPA &
acid
DHA
SE
- - - - - - - - - - copies/cell - - - - - - - - - Uterus 1
124
103
230
120
35
Corpus luteum
16.5
27.5
32.9
22.1
6.8
1
Linoleic acid vs. EPA & DHA, P < 0.05.
Concentration of Plasma Progesterone From HCG Until CL Regression
Progesterone (ng/ml)
6
SE = 0.4
5
Control
4
C18:1
3
C18:2
EPA/DHA
2
* P < 0.05
1
* **
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
Days from HCG Injection
19
21
TABLE 3. Effect of Fatty Acid Supplementation on DM Intake and
Milk Production and Composition.
Diet
Measurement
Control
Oleic
acid
DM intake, kg/d
26.3
27.3
26.7
25.5
2.0
DM intake, % of BW
4.15
4.24
4.34
4.16
0.2
Milk production, kg/d1
43.2
48.2
46.9
47.1
1.8
Milk production, kg/d
7-d covariate corrected
45.0
46.7
47.5
46.1
1.0
Milk fat, %
3.66
3.49
3.73
3.70
0.16
Milk protein, %1,3
2.88
2.74
2.85
2.68
0.05
Milk solids-not-fat, %3
8.41
8.36
8.55
8.23
0.08
Milk lactose, %3
4.67
4.78
4.87
4.70
0.06
1
Linoleic EPA &
acid
DHA
Control vs. Others ,P < 0.05.
2
Oleic vs. Linoleic + EPA & DHA, P < 0.05.
3
Linoleic vs. EPA & DHA, P < 0.05.
SE
CPM /CNCPS fat submodel comparison of fat sources to deliver
EFA (ADSA Abstract 2002. Univ Penn.)
Parameter
Fatty Acids†
Intake (g/d)
Rumen Escape (% )
Duodenum (g/d)
Absorbed (g/d)
Intest. Digestion (%)
C18:1trans†
Intake (g/d)
Duodenum (g/d)
Absorbed (g/d)
C18:2†
Intake (g/d)
Duodenum (g/d)
Absorbed (g/d)
C18:3†
Intake (g/d)
Duodenum (g/d)
Absorbed (g/d)
Basal
M
MR
EB
T
RSB
WCS
500
15
659
479
73
400
54
400
327
82
400
54
400
337
84
400
0
400
291
73
400
2
400
293
73
400
16
404
298
74
400
1
404
300
74
0.1
37.0
29.0
0.0
2.3
1.8
0.0
11.0
9.1
1.6
1.9
1.5
5.2
5.6
4.4
0.0
39.7
31.2
0.0
30.3
23.8
225
58
48
28
17
17
127
77
7.2
0.7
0.6
18.8
2.2
1.8
230
54
43
157
12
10
23.9
1.6
1.1
0.80
0.46
0.4
18.81
10.88
0.0
0.0
0.0
33.9
1.0
0.8
13.2
2.5
1.9
1.60
0.09
0.06
76
9.32
Production trial at Miner Institute with MEGALAC-R Prototype
ADSA Abst. 2001 (accepted J. Feed Anim Sci Tech.)
Item
Megalac
SE
P
43.3
4.24
Ca-Soyfat
43.4
4.22
Milk, kg
Fat, %
Milk FA1
C18:1
C18:1t
C18:2
CLA9c11t
Item
Megalac
2.87
0.121
1.000
0.909
Lactose, %
CP, %
MUN2, mg/dL
0.366 SCCx 1000
<0.001 BCS
0.001 DMI3 FG, kg/d
0.057
HG, kg/d
4.83
2.81
12.7
266.9
3.26
20.26
26.37
22.65
2.72
2.91
0.59
21.78
3.27
3.32
0.64
0.66
0.07
0.08
0.02
Ca-Soyfat
4.86
2.88
11.5
191.6
3.25
20.89
27.63
SE
P
0.04
0.05
0.5
80.3
0.11
0.630
0.332
0.078
0.512
0.948
Calcium Salts of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Deliver More Essential Fatty Acids to the
Lactating Dairy Cow
M.L. Theurer*1, M.A. McGuire1, E. Block2, W.K. Sanchez2
1University of Idaho, Moscow
2ARM & HAMMER® Animal Nutrition Group,
Princeton, NJ
Pacific Northwest Nutrition Conference 2002
Research Objective
Evaluate intake, milk production and milk
composition effects of cows fed MEGALAC-R
Essential Fatty Acids compared to those fed
MEGALAC Rumen Bypass Fat.
Effect of calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids
on milk production and feed intake
50
CON
TRT
40
kg/d
30
20
10
0
Milk
DMI
Effect of calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids
on milk components
1.5
Fat or Protein Percent
CON
TRT
3
1.25
2.5
1
2
0.75
1.5
0.5
1
0.25
Fat %
Protein %
Fat Yield
Protein Yield
Fat or Protein Yield (kg/d)
3.5
Effect of calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids
on palmitic and linoleic acid in milk fat
30
5
CON
***
28
4
***
26
3
24
2
22
1
20
0
Palmitic acid (16:0)
Linoleic acid (18:2)
% of Total Fatty Acids
% of Total Fatty Acids
TRT
*** P < 0.0001
First Trial
• Feeding MEGALAC-R (prototype) to close-up
cows
• Trial June 2000-March 2001
• ~350 cows /treatment
• Treated group fed 1/4 #/hd/day MEGALAC-R
for 21 days pre-fresh
• Control group
Control
Date
09/22/2000
10/13/2000
11/03/2000
11/24/2000
12/15/2000
01/05/2001
Total
Treatment
Date
09/22/2000
10/13/2000
11/03/2000
11/24/2000
12/15/2000
01/05/2001
Total
Ht Elig
42
71
93
99
115
127
549
Heat
35
54
62
56
71
90
368
Pct
83
76
67
57
62
71
67
Pg Elig
42
71
93
98
114
118
538
Preg
8
14
23
21
14
22
102
Pct
19
20
25
21
12
19
19
Ht Elig
46
68
84
98
112
119
528
Heat
37
47
61
56
72
83
356
Pct
80
69
73
57
64
70
67
Pg Elig
46
68
83
96
111
114
519
Preg
13
19
25
17
23
29
126
Pct
28
28
30
18
21
25
24
Control
DIM
50
71
92
113
134
155
Total
Ht Elig
258
174
128
80
46
23
718
Heat
232
94
58
35
25
11
460
Pct
90
54
45
44
54
48
64
Pg Elig
256
172
128
78
44
21
707
Preg
57
23
22
10
7
1
122
Pct
22
13
17
13
16
5
17
Treatment
DIM
50
71
92
113
134
155
Total
Ht Elig
284
171
107
74
45
20
711
Heat
252
84
66
35
25
13
476
Pct
89
49
62
47
56
65
67
Pg Elig
283
167
105
74
42
19
700
Preg
83
38
18
11
5
2
157
Pct
29
23
17
15
12
11
22
Chi-Square Analysis
Preg
Treatment
Control
Non-Preg
402
528
447
549
849 1077
more preg cows
126
102
228
24
24% Increase
* P < .02
A New Formulation
How: – Four Dairies
•
•
•
•
•
1400-cow free stall dairy - Northeast
2500-cow free stall dairy - Midwest
1600-cow open lot dairy - West
3900-cow open lot dairy - West
Fed either what they currently were feeding
(MEGALAC or Tallow; control) vs.
MEGALAC-R in place of the control
– ¼ lb prepartum
– ½ or 1 lb postpartum
Study
Control
MEGALAC-R
% Increase
Trial # 1 - 1/4 lb R pre + 1lb R post vs. MEGALAC
Number animals enrolled (bred)
552
591
Number pregnant
196
250
35.5%
42.3%
Number animals enrolled (bred)
403
427
Number pregnant
205
221
50.9%
51.8%
1268
1285
794
852
62.6%
66.3%
Number animals enrolled (bred)
287
332
Number pregnant
203
240
70.7%
72.3%
Number animals enrolled (bred)
2510
2635
Number pregnant
1398
1563
55.7%
59.3%
Cumulative percent pregnant (approx. 3-4 cycles)
19.1%
Trial #2 - 1/4 lb R pre vs. 0 + 1/2 lb R post vs. Tallow
Cumulative percent pregnant (approx. 5-6 cycles)
1.7%
Trial #3 - 1/4 lb R pre vs. 0 + 1/2 lb R post vs. Tallow
Number animals enrolled (bred)
Number pregnant
Cumulative percent pregnant (approx. 5-6 cycles)
5.9%
Trial #4 - 1/2 lb R post vs. MEGALAC
Cumulative percent pregnant (approx. 6-7 cycles)
2.2%
Totals
Cumulative percent pregnant
6.5%
Study
Control
MEGALAC-R % Increase
Trial #2 - 1/4 lb R pre vs. 0 + 1/2 lb R post vs. Tallow
1st Lactation Animals
Number animals enrolled (bred)
Number pregnant
Cumulative percent pregnant (approx. 5-6 cycles)
Study
160
82
167
98
51.3%
58.7%
Control
14.5%
MEGALAC-R % Increase
Trial #4 - 1/2 lb R post vs. MEGALAC
1st Lactation Animals
Number animals enrolled (bred)
93
105
Number pregnant
71
84
76.3%
80.0%
Cumulative percent pregnant (approx. 6-7 cyces)
4.8%
6/15/01 – 11/1/01
MEGALAC-R fed Prepartum
After 11/1/01
No MEGALAC-R prepartum
7/15/01 – 12/1/01
On Experiment
After 12/1/01
Off Experiment
Follow-Up Trial
• 1/4 #/hd/day MEGALAC-R all close-ups
• Feed 1/2 #/hd/day MEGALAC-R lactating cows
to 120-150 DIM
• Cows randomized into control or treated groups
…at freshening moved to treated or control pen
• FCH & cows kept in separate strings
21 day Preg Rate Bredsum Calculations
• Example Bredsum records for overall (all animals)
controls and MEGALAC-R and heifers controls and
MEGALAC-R.
– Overall
– First lactation heifers
Overall – Control
20
Overall – MEGALAC-R
23
Control - First Lactation Heifers
23
First Lactation Heifers – MEGALAC-R
30
Another Large California Herd Evaluation
• A large dairy company in California
– two Dairies at 1.2 lbs of MEGALAC and put
– two other similar dairies on 0.6 lbs of MEGALAC and 0.6
lbs of MEGALAC-R.
• All managed and fed the same
• Evaluation began in June 2002, ended June 2003.
• Data from full year used to evaluate the intervention.
Aurora Florida Dairy #1 began Sept
150-day Milk
76
74
lbs 150-day milk
72
70
68
66
64
62
150-day milk
60
May-04
June-04
July-04
August04
Septemb
er-04
October04
Month
Novembe Decembe
r-04
r-04
January05
Aurora Florida Dairy #1 began Sept
Days to Conception & Days Open
230
210
170
150
Avg days to conception
130
Proj. min. days open
Month
Ja
nu
ar
y05
04
D
ec
em
be
r-
04
N
ov
em
be
r-
ct
ob
er
-0
4
O
04
Se
pt
em
be
r-
Au
gu
st
-0
4
Ju
ly
-0
4
04
Ju
ne
-
04
110
M
ay
-
Days
190
Aurora Florida Dairy #2 began Sept
Days to Conception & Days Open
230
220
210
200
180
170
160
150
Avg days to conception
140
Proj. min. days open
Month
Ja
nu
ar
y05
04
D
ec
em
be
r-
04
N
ov
em
be
r-
ct
ob
er
-0
4
O
04
Se
pt
em
be
r-
Au
gu
st
-0
4
Ju
ly
-0
4
04
Ju
ne
-
04
130
M
ay
-
Days
190
Aurora Florida Dairy #2 began Sept
150-day Milk
79
77
lbs 150-day milk
75
73
71
69
67
65
May-04
150-day milk
June-04
July-04
August-04 September- October-04 November- December- January-05
04
04
04
Month
Thank You!