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THE CHEMISTRY
OF POLYMERS
A guide for A level students
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
POLYMERS
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand
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POLYMERS
CONTENTS
• Prior knowledge
• Types of polymerisation
• Addition polymerisation
• Polymerisation of propene
• Condensation polymerisation
• Peptides
• Check list
POLYMERS
Before you start it would be helpful to…
• know the functional groups found in organic chemistry
• know the arrangement of bonds around carbon atoms
• recall and explain electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes
POLYMERISATION
General
A process in which small molecules called monomers join
together into large molecules consisting of repeating units.
There are two basic types
ADDITION
all the atoms in the monomer are used to form the polymer
CONDENSATION
monomers join up the with expulsion of small molecules
not all the original atoms are present in the polymer
ADDITION POLYMERISATION
• all the atoms in the monomer are used to form the polymer
• occurs with alkenes
• mechanism can be free radical or ionic
POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES
ADDITION POLYMERISATION
Preparation
Many are prepared by a free radical process involving high pressure, high
temperature and a catalyst. The catalyst is usually a substance (e.g. an organic
peroxide) which readily breaks up to form radicals whichinitiate a chain reaction.
Another famous type of catalyst is a Ziegler-Natta catalyst (named after the scientists
who developed it). Such catalysts are based on the compound TiCl4.
Properties
Physical
varied by changing the reaction conditions (pressure, temperature etc).
Chemical have chemical properties based on the functional groups in their structure.
poly(ethene) is typical; it is fairly inert as it is basically a very large alkane.
This means it is resistant to chemical attack and non-biodegradable.
POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES
ADDITION POLYMERISATION
Process • during polymerisation, an alkene undergoes an addition reaction with itself
• all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer
• long hydrocarbon chains are formed
the equation shows the original monomer and the repeating unit in the polymer
n represents a
large number
ethene
poly(ethene)
MONOMER
POLYMER
POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES
EXAMPLES OF ADDITION POLYMERISATION
ETHENE
PROPENE
CHLOROETHENE
POLY(ETHENE)
POLY(PROPENE)
POLY(CHLOROETHENE)
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE
TETRAFLUOROETHENE
PVC
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHENE)
PTFE
“Teflon”
POLYMERISATION OF PROPENE - ANIMATION
AN EXAMPLE OF ADDITION POLYMERISATION
PROPENE MOLECULES DO NOT ALWAYS ADD IN A REGULAR WAY
THERE ARE THREE BASIC MODES OF ADDITION
ISOTACTIC
SYNDIOTACTIC
ATACTIC
Animation may not work in
earlier versions of Powerpoint
POLY(PROPENE)
ISOTACTIC
CH3 groups on same side
most desirable properties
SYNDIOTACTIC
CH3 groups alternate sided
ATACTIC
random
most likely outcome
CONDENSATION POLYMERS
• monomers join up the with expulsion of small molecules
• not all the original atoms are present in the polymer
Examples
polyamides
polyesters
peptides
starch
Synthesis
reactions between diprotic carboxylic acids and diols
diprotic carboxylic acids and diamines
amino acids
ESTER LINK
(nylon)
(terylene)
AMIDE LINK
POLYESTERS - TERYLENE
Reagents
terephthalic acid
ethane-1,2-diol
HOOC-C6H4-COOH
HOCH2CH2OH
Equation n HOCH2CH2OH + n HOOC-C6H4-COOH ——> -[OCH2CH2OOC(C6H4)CO] n - + n H2O
‘Terylene’, ‘Dacron’
Product
poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Repeat unit
— [-OCH2CH2OOC(C6H4)CO-]
Eliminated
water
Reaction
esterification
Properties
contain an ester link
can be broken down by hydrolysis
the C-O bond breaks
behaves as an ester
biodegradable
Uses
fabrics
n
—
POLYAMIDES - NYLON-6,6
Reagents
Equation
hexanedioic acid
hexane-1,6-diamine
HOOC(CH2)4COOH
H2N(CH2)6NH2
n HOOC(CH2)4COOH + n H2N(CH2)6NH2 ——> -[NH(CH2)6NHOC(CH2)4CO] n- + n H2O
Product
Nylon-6,6
two repeating units, each with 6 carbon atoms
Repeat unit
—[-NH(CH2)6NHOC(CH2)4CO-]n—
Eliminated
water
Mechanism
addition-elimination
Properties
contain a peptide (or amide) link
can be broken down by hydrolysis
the C-N bond breaks
behave as amides
biodegradable
can be spun into fibres for strength
Uses
fibres and ropes
PEPTIDES
Reagents
Equation
amino acids
H2NCCH2COOH + H2NC(CH3)COOH ——> H2NCCH2CONHHC(CH3)COOH + H2O
Product
peptide (the above shows the formation of a dipeptide)
Eliminated
water
Mechanism
addition-elimination
Amino acids join together via an amide or peptide link
a dipeptide
2 amino acids joined
3 amino acids joined
many amino acids joined
dipeptide
tripeptide
polypeptide
PROTEINS
• polypeptides with large relative molecular masses (>10000)
• chains can be lined up with each other
• the C=O and N-H bonds are polar due to a difference in electronegativity
• hydrogen bonding exists between chains
dotted lines ---------- represent hydrogen bonding
REVISION CHECK
What should you be able to do?
Recall the two main types of polymerisation
Explain and understand how alkenes undergo addition polymerisation
Work out the repeating unit in addition polymers
Recall and understand the different types of structures of poly(propene)
Recall the properties of some common polymers
Recall that polyesters and polyamides are formed by condensation polymerisation
Recall the properties and uses of some condensation polymers
Work out the repeating unit in condensation polymers
Recall that peptides are examples of condensation polymers
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WELL DONE!
Try some past paper questions
THE CHEMISTRY
OF POLYMERS
THE END
© 2003 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING