Transcript Use of Carbon compounds

Resources
Crude Oil is a finite resource – fuels are obtained from it
by Fractional distillation.
 We use it to get the small molecules that are synthesised
(built up) to give us CONSUMER PRODUCTS.
 Consumer Products – Plastics, cosmetics,agricultural
products and dyes etc.
 Crude Oil gives is fuels and consumer products.
 We use a lot of aromatic compounds to make consumer
products. ( e.g. – aspirin, TCP )

Esters and Carboxylic Acids
 Esters
can used used to give characteristics smells
to substances, they are also very good non polar
solvents.
 Other uses – perfumes, flavourings, nail varnish
remover( ethyl ethanoate)and paint thinner.
 Carboxylic acids – vinegar ( ethanoic acid),
benzoic acid is used as a food preservative.
Halogenalkanes
Trichlormethane – chloroform – used as an anaesthetic.
 However it is toxic and can cause liver damage.
 Halothane (2 – bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-triflouroethane) is a
modern replacement.
 CFC’s – Chloroflourocarbons – unreactive, low toxicity.
 Uses – aerosol propellants, refrigerants, cleaning solvents.
 Problem – They break up O3 in the ozone layer – more
UV radiation gets to the earth.
 This can cause – skin cancer, eye cataracts, effect growth
of organisms, the global temperature etc.

Polymers
 Revision
Standard Grade
 Plastics are long chain molecules made when small
monomer units join.
 The monomers are repeated along the polymer
chain.
 There are 2 types of polymerisations: addition and
condensation.
Addition Polymerisation
 The
monomer must be an unsaturated molecule.
 The double bond opens up along the monomers to
join.
Monomer
Ethene
Polymer
Poly (ethene)
Propene
Poly (propene)
Styrene
Poly (Styrene)
Vinyl chloride
Poly ( vinyl chloride)
Example

Monomer – Propene
Polymer – Poly(propene)
CH3 H
CH3H CH3 H CH3 H
I
I
I I I I
I I
C =C
-C– C–C–C–C–C–
I
I
I I I
I
I I
H
H
H H H H H H
repeating unit
Condensation Polymerisation
When 2 monomers join the elements which make up 1
molecule of water are released.
 Examples
 Starch, Proteins, polyesters.
 Starch is made when glucose monomers join
 HO –•–OH + HO –•– OH + HO –•- O


- O -•- O -•- O -•+ H2O + H2O
Polyester
Polyesters are formed in condensation reactions.
 They are made from monomers that have2 functional
groups in their molecule i.e. di ols and di acids.
 Example
 HO - •
- OH
HOOC– Δ – COOH

Alcohol
 Part of polyester

O
II

HO - •
- O – C – Δ – COOH + H2O
Acid
Uses of Polyesters
They can be manufactures as textile fibres – Terylene.
 The long polyester chains have a linear structure and
fibres can be spun together to make strong, flexible fibres.
These are used to make clothes.
 They can also be used to make resins. The unsaturated
molecules form cross –links across to other fibres –
producing a network.
 This is called CURING.
 Polyester resins (thermosetting) can be mixed with glass
fibre to produce GRP – glass reinforced plastic.
 The resin is brushed on to the glass fibre and cured.
 It can be used in boats, car bodies etc.

Amines
 Amines
are a homologous series that contain the
functional group – amine NH2 ( amino)
 They start with the normal prefix and end in amine
Example
Methyl amine
CH3NH2
Ethyl amine
CH3 CH2 NH2