File - Biology with Radjewski
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Transcript File - Biology with Radjewski
AP Biology 2013
Also
called phosphorylation
ATP hydrolysis is when an inorganic
phosphate breaks off ATP
Forms ADP
Requires water
Does take a small amount of energy to
take the P off, but more energy is
transferred as hydrogen and oxygen
atoms from water bind to ADP and P
releasing free energy!
Oxidation
because
AH lost a hydrogen
Reduction because
NAD+ gained a
hydrogen
Oxidation because
NADH lost a
hydrogen
Reduction because B
gained a hydrogen
Most
reduced is
Propane
Lowest free energy is
Propanoic acid
Most oxidized state is
propanoic acid
Highest free energy
is propane
Facilitates movement of
protons across cell
membrane
Creates concentration
gradient along inner
membrane due to high
concentration of
protons outside matrix
Does not create energy,
it sets up a bank of
stored potential energy
Couples movement of
protons back down the
conc. Gradient and
binding ADP and PO4
forming ATP
Occurs in the inner
mitochondrial
membrane
6
molecules of ATP must be hydrolyzed to
start the process
30 molecules of NADH are produced
6 molecules of FADH2 are produced
18 molecules of ATP are produced via
substrate phosphorylation (12 in glycolysis
and 6 in Krebs)
18 molecules of water are produced in ETS
18 molecules of CO2 are released from the
process
Alcoholic
fermentation produced smaller
carbon compounds compared to lactic
acid fermentation
Pyruvate converts to acetaldehyde and
then is reduced to ethanol.
It uses enzymes at both steps
Two molecules of CO2 and 2 ATP are
produced in this anaerobic pathway
Lipids
Broken down into
glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol is then
converted to an
intermediate in
glycolysis; Fatty Acids
are converted to acetyl
CoA which then enters
the Kreb’s cycle
Proteins
Broken down into
amino acids
Amino group is
removed and then fed
into glycolysis/Kreb’s
cycle at different
points. (depends on
the amino acid)
EX. Glutamate is
converted to alphaketo glutarate
Absorbs
light at 680
nm
Passes electrons to
the ETS
Produces ATP
Oxidizes water into
oxygen, hydrogen
and electrons
Absorbs
light at 700
nm
Passes electrons to
NADP+
make NADPH
Carbon
Fixation
Adds the 1 carbon
CO2 to RuBP
Produces a 6C
molecule that
immediately splits
into 2 PGA
Slow rubisco is
needed
Reduction
and Sugar
Production
Phosphorylation
occurs
ATP and NADPH are
needed
Product is G3P
Regeneration
of RuBP
Most of G3P ends up as RuMP, so ATP is
used to convert this to RuBP
50%
of protein in leaves of plants is
composed of Rubisco
Enzyme responsible for the 1st major step
in carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle
Without rubisco, CO2 cannot be
converted to glucose
It catalyzes the reaction of CO2 and RuBP
to form 3PG, which is necessary for next
step
Nathan
is correct.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
rely upon one another, with the
molecules necessary for one reaction
coming from the end products of the
opposite reaction.
Plant life could not exist without both
photosynthesis and cellular respiration