Transcript Mid-Term Review

Mid-Term
Review
Measurement/Metrics
Liquid volume is measured with a graduated
cylinder
Solid volume is measured with a ruler
Distance is measured with a ruler/meter stick
Mass is measured with the triple beam
balance
Measurement/Metrics
Base Units:
Volume: liter L
Distance: meter m
Mass: gram g
Scientific Method
Independent variable: The If of the
If, then. It is the part of the
experiment that is changed.
Dependent variable: the then of
the If, then. It is the result of the
change.
Scientific Method
Experimental group: An experimental
group is the group in an experiment that
receives the variable being tested.
Control: The part of the experiment that
is does not have the variable added to
it.
Lab Safety
The most important
safety rule is to follow
your teacher’s
instructions.
Living Things
Homeostasis: regulation of an
organism’s internal lifemaintaining conditions
It
refers to a cell's home state––the
way it wants to be, and should be if
everything that regulates the cell is
working.
Living Things
Characteristics of Living Things:
1. Growth and development
2. Adapt to the environment
3. Reproduce
4. Energy
5. Made of cells
6. Respond to stimulus
Living Things
Stimulus: anything that causes
a change in an organism
Response: the reaction to the
stimulus is called the response
Cells
Prokaryote: single celled
organism, no true nucleus, no
membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote: cells that contain
organelles
Cells
Nucleus: the brain of the cell, it
controls all activities
Cell membrane: controls what
goes in and out of the cell
Golgi bodies: packages and
transports
Cells
Lysosome: breaks down
dead/used cell parts
Mitochondria: powerhouse of
the cell
Ribosome: creates protein
Cells
Endoplasmic reticulum: helps
transport materials throughout
the cell
Cytoplasm: clear, jelly-like
substance that contains
organelles
Chloroplast: contains
chlorophyll, photosynthesis
takes place here
Cells
Vacuole: stores water and
food materials
Nuclear membrane: the outer
covering of the nucleus
Nucleolus: helps to produce
ribosomes
Cells
Cells tissues
organs
system
organism
photosynthesis
The process in which plants make food
Raw materials: Carbon dioxide, water, energy
Products: glucose and oxygen
Cellular respiration
The process in which chemical reactions
break down food molecules into simpler
substances and release stored energy
Raw materials: glucose and oxygen
Products: Carbon dioxide, water, energy
fermentation
Takes place in the cytoplasm
Production of energy without
oxygen
Lactic acid is built up
Fermentation
Bacteria: make lactic acid which is
used to produce yogurt and cheese.
Yeast: uses fermentation to break
down glucose in bread dough.
It
also produces alcohol and carbon
dioxide.
Animals
(us): This process
produces much lower
amounts of energy and it
results in the build up of
lactic acid.
Passive Transport
Does
not require energy
High to low concentration
Osmosis: movement of water
Diffusion: movement of other
molecules
Facilitated diffusion: Uses
transport proteins
Active transport
• Requires energy
• Uses a transport protein
Endocytosis: process of taking substances into
a cell by surrounding it with the cell
membrane. This creates a vacuole
Exocytosis: releasing the contents of a
vesicle/vacuole out of the cell. (opposite of
endocytosis)
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction:
Reproduction involving 2 parents; sperm and
egg
Asexual reproduction:
Reproduction involving 1 parent;
The hereditary material is identical
reproduction
Budding: a new organism grows from the
body of the parent organism
Binary Fission: one-celled bacterium without a
nucleus copies its genetic information and
then divides into 2 identical cells
Regeneration: if an organism breaks into
pieces, a whole new organism can grow
mitosis
How body cells reproduce.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase
Body cells
2 cells are produced
They are diploid
meiosis
How sex cells are made.
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase
I, Telophase I, Prophase II,
Metaphase II, Anaphase II,
Telophase II.
Sex cells go through meiosis
4 cells are produced
They are haploid
meiosis
Interphase and cytokinesis
Interphase: chromosomes are
copied
Cytokinesis: when the 2 cells
actually split a part
Mitosis/meiosis
Interphase and cytokinesis are the 2
additional parts of the cell cycle
that are NOT part of mitosis/meiosis.
Genes/Heredity
Mutation: the permanent change in
a gene or chromosome of a cell;
may be beneficial, harmful or have
little effect on an organism
Autotroph: makes its own food
Heterotroph: cannot make its own
food
DNA
Complimentary strand of DNA:
A-T
C-G
(adenine-thymine)
AACCGGTTAC
TTGGCCAATG
(cytosine-guanine)
RNA
rRNA:
makes up the
ribosomes
tRNA: brings amino acids to
the ribosomes to build
proteins
mRNA: carries the code for
the order in which the amino
acids bond