Budgeting Lecture, and Jensen article discussion PPt
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Transcript Budgeting Lecture, and Jensen article discussion PPt
Thoughts on Budgeting
ACCT7320 Fall 2013 Bailey
6-1
Purposes of Budgeting
Stimulate concern for the future
Provide a framework for delegation of
authority & responsibility
A financial model to test plans against
A communication device
- to relay top management’s style & authority
- establish organizational climate
- the dialogue is what’s important
Motivation?
6-2
Purposes of Budgeting
These purposes may conflict. E.g., the best motivator may not be
the best expected performance for planning cash flow, etc.
Target shown on budget Expected attained performance?
“Stretch” budgets a good idea?
Should there be separate budgets for motivation vs. planning? Or a range of
budgets with different levels of probability?
6-3
Attitudes
Attitudes toward budgets tend to be negative.
Chris Argyris, The Impact of Budgets on People, 1952
Neg. attitudes towards accountants and budgets
Recommended participation in the budgeting process as a cure;
generally supported by later research
6-4
Research on “Participation”
Participation represents a spectrum
open process of
group decision making
Consultation only;
centralized decision making
Studies show greater likelihood that managers will carry out
their “own” plans, than imposed plans.
6-5
Participation
But care is needed in generalizing from the research studies
E.g., Some studies involved a change from authoritarianism to some
participation
- May not generalize to a change from some to much participation
Current research approach is to consider the underlying processes
& conditions
6-6
Effects are more complicated
Participation
Improved group
cohesiveness
Prevailing Group Attitudes
Worse productivity?
6-7
Better productivity?
Effectiveness
Additionally, the effectiveness of participation may depend
upon:
Nationality
Ethnical attitudes
Personality types of workers, supervisors
Access to information (centralized, dispersed)
Type of decision (e.g., close down plant)
6-8
Forecasting of Revenues, Costs
Sales
The key figure!
Determines: production level
plant needs (expand?)
selling & admin expense
6-9
Methods of sales forecasting
Judgmental estimates by key executives, sales force
2. Trend analysis
a) “we've been growing 10% per year”
b) Mathematical time series
Sales example, Dept. store:
1.
Sales = f(St-1,St-4)
Qtr
Details are complicated
Methods
3.
Correlation (regression) analysis (Not in time series.
Just
a
correlation.)
.
#Refrig.
Sold = y
.
.
.. . . . .. .
... . . .
.
. .. . .
x = # Housing starts in previous year
y = a + bx
6-11
Methods
6-12
4.
Multiple regression
y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 etc.
E.g.,
y = tire sales by Uniroyal
x1 = new cars to be manufactured
x2 = new cars made 3 years ago
x3 = GNP (or DPI)
Methods
5.
Market share analysis
(co's % of mkt) x (total industry forecast)
E.g.: pharmaceutical firm has 20% of market;
all legitimate drug sales = 1% of DPI
20% x 1% x DPI forecast = our sales forecast
6-13
Budgeting, continued…
Discuss “Corporate Budgeting Is Broken”
6-14
Kinks
p. 97
6-15
Linear!
P.98
6-16