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Krisztina László
PhD student, University of Pécs
The cultural industry of the EU in the
light of the economic crisis
28.10.2011
What is cultural industry?
UNESCO definition:
cultural industries include publishing, music,
cinema and audiovisual production and
multimedia, crafts and design
creative industries:including architecture and
different artistic categories: visual arts,
performing arts
One of the most dynamic sectors of the
economy
Financing arts and culture in the EU
An overview
3 main kind of systems:
1. Top-down and state driven system
- Disadvantages: no room for lobbying, arts may be
influenced by state
British system
2.
- Funding is coming from the state, but it is not the
state’s body that distributes it
Down-to-up method
3.
-
Independent art councils gives expert advice
The financial decision is made by the Minister of
Culture
Cultural expenditure by sector
(before the crisis)
Public cultural expenditures
–
–
–
–
–
Museums: 27%
Performing arts: 24%
Libraries: 17%
Music: 7%
Other: 25%
Private invention
– Profit-oriented organisations
– Non-profit organisations
– Individual donations
The economic crisis
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Level of employment 2008-2009:
2.1%
The number of nights spent in hotels:
5.1%
The spatial contagion
Reference:
Spatial
Contagion of
Global
Financial
Crisis. 2009.
Cultural sector in 2009
Employment in the
cultural sectors as a
share of total
employment
(Cultural statistic 2011)
3.6 million people were
employed in 5 main
cultural sectors (EU27)
– 1.7% of total employment
Cultural sector in 2009
Percentage of persons
having part time job
(Cultural statistic 2011)
Part time employment
was more frequent in
the cultural sector
Cultural sector in 2009
Percentage of persons
employed working at
home
(Cultural statistic 2011)
Working at home or having
more than one job:
– working at home is twice as
high (26%) as in total
employment
– holding multiple jobs 6% in
cultural sector - 4% in total
Financial Crisis and its Effect –
Surveys Overview
CultureWatchEurope Survey in 2009:
– 21 countries: overall reduction
– 1 country: partial reduction
SICA publication in 2010
– None of the countries is currently in a
position to provide a full picture of the
impact of the economic crisis on cultural
budgets
– General expectation: the subsidised
sector would see only limited effects
Financial Crisis and its Effect Surveys
Governments on Culture Budgets
Survey 2011 (21 countries):
– The impact of the crisis on public budgets
for culture is less uniform than expected
– Between 2009 and 2011:
• 9 countries decreased their budget by 4% to 26%
• 9 countries reported increase from 5% to 38%
• 3 countries budget remained the same
Effects on Culture
PUBLIC
RESOURCES FOR
CULTURE
– EU Structural
Funds
– Central government
budgets
– Regional level
– Municipal level
Table: Change of cultural budget in
the central government
Effects on Culture
PRIVATE RESOURCES FOR CULTURE
– Cultural habits and expenditure of citizens
– European Capital of Culture title?
– Individual donation
– Corporate sponsorship
Effects by Sector
– Performing arts
• less exposed to sponsorship and donations
– Festivals
• decisive actors in the cultural life of countries
– Museums
• top museums did not reflect circumstances of a global crisis
– Built heritage
• show a very diverse picture
– Books
• only anecdotic evidence of crisis’ effect
– Audiovisuals
– Art trade
Conclusion
Short time has passed
Main factors take longer to be realized
Needs to be done more survey on this
matter
Financial crisis cannot be taken as an
excuse for above-average cuts in the
cultural industry
Thank you for your
attention!