Transcript nova 25
UFN Carbon allotropes Carbon allotropes Eight allotropes of carbon: a) diamond b) graphite, c) Lonsdaleite d) C60 buckminsterfullerene e) C540, Fullerite f) C70 g) amorphous carbon h) single-walled carbon nanotube http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon 2 Carbon nanotubes Prasek, J. et al. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 15872–15884. 3 Carbon nanotubes Prasek, J. et al. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 15872–15884. 4 Noncovalent modification Battigelli, A. et al. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2013, 65, 1899–1920. 5 Noncovalent modification Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854. 6 Chemical modification - DOX Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854. 7 Chemical modification Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854. 8 Chemical modification Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854. 9 Chemical modification Amphotericin B – antifungal drug Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854. 10 Chemical modification Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854. 11 Chemical modification Anti-P-gp – glycoprotein antibody Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854. 12 Chemical modification CDDP – cisplatin (cancer drug) Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854. 13 Chemistry of fullerenes 14 The fullerene family, and especially C60, has appealing photo, electrochemical and physical properties, which can be exploited in various medical fields. Fullerene is able to fit inside the hydrophobic cavity of HIV proteases, inhibiting the access of substrates to the catalytic site of enzyme. It can be used as radical scavenger and antioxidant. At the same time, if exposed to light, fullerene can produce singlet oxygen in high quantum yields. This action, together with direct electron transfer from excited state of fullerene and DNA bases, can be used to cleave DNA. In addition, fullerenes have been used as a carrier for gene and drug delivery systems. Also they are used for serum protein profiling as MELDI material for biomarker discovery. Bakry, R. et al. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2007, 2, 639–649. Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33, 680-693. Chemistry of fullerenes Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33, 680-693. 15 Chemistry of fullerenes Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33, 680-693. 16 Chemistry of fullerenes Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33, 680-693. 17 Nanodiamonds Arnault, J. C. Topics in Applied Physics 2015, 121, 85-122. 18 Nanodiamonds Gonçalves, J. P. L. et al. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2765–2773. 19 Nanodiamonds 20 Nanodiamond terminated with carboxylic groups (ND–COOH; green region) is a common starting material (and is made by air oxidation or ozone treatment of nanodiamond, followed by treatment in aqueous HCl to hydrolyse anhydrides and remove metal impurities). The surface of ND–COOH can be modified by high-temperature gas treatments (red) or ambient-temperature wet chemistry techniques (blue). Heating in NH3, for example, can result in the formation of a variety of different surface groups including NH2, C–O–H, C≡N and groups containing C=N. Heating in Cl2 produces acylchlorides, and F2 treatment forms C–F groups. Treatment in H2 completely reduces C=O to C–O–H and forms additional C–H groups. Hydroxyl (OH) groups may be removed at higher temperatures or with longer hydrogenation times, or by treatment in hydrogen plasma66. Annealing in N 2, Ar or vacuum completely removes the functional groups and converts the nanodiamonds into graphitic carbon nano-onions. Mochalin, V. N. et al. Nature Nanotechnology 2012, 7, 11-23. Nanodiamonds Jarre, G. et al. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2729–2737. 21 Nanodiamonds Sapsford, K.-E. et al. Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 1904–2074. 22 Graphene Byun, J. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015, 25, 145–151. 23 Graphene Shi, S. et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2014, 25, 1609−1619. 24 Graphene Shi, S. et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2014, 25, 1609−1619. 25 Graphene Shi, S. et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2014, 25, 1609−1619. 26 Graphene 27 Schematic illustration of the constraint of DNA molecules on functionalized graphene and its effects. Single stranded DNA can be effectively constrained on the surface of graphene through adsorption. The enzyme DNase I can digest free DNA but not graphene-bound DNA. Yang, Y. et al. Materials Today 2013, 16, 365−373. Graphene Laminins – high-molecular weight (~400 kDa) proteins of the extracellular matrix Zhang, Y. et al. Nanoscale 2012, 4, 3833–3842. 28 Amorphous (active) carbon Stein, A. et al. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 265–293. 29 Amorphous (active) carbon Žáková, P. et al. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 2016, 60, 394–401. 30 Amorphous (active) carbon Žáková, P. et al. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 2016, 60, 394–401. 31