24Psych315TheFamily&Conclusions
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Transcript 24Psych315TheFamily&Conclusions
The Family
Parents play 3 roles:
1. Direct instructors
2. Indirect socializers (models)
3. Provider and controllers of
opportunities
Parenting Style and Practices
• “Parenting styles” refers to parenting behaviors
and attitudes that set the emotional climate of
parent–child interactions.
• Four main parenting styles (Baumrind,1973):
–
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Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
Rejecting–neglecting
Authoritative Parents
The Parents
• demanding, but warm and responsive.
• Set clear standards.
• Allow children to develop autonomy.
• attentive to children’s concerns and needs.
• consistent in discipline.
The Children
• tend to be competent, self-assured, popular
with peers, and low in antisocial behavior and
drug use as teens.
Authoritarian Parents
The Parents
• cold and unresponsive to children’s needs.
• controlling and demanding.
• Expect children to comply with their demands
without question or explanation.
The children
• tend to be low in social and academic
competence, unhappy, unfriendly, and low in
self-confidence.
Permissive Parents
The Parents
• responsive to their children’s needs
• lenient with their children.
• Do not require their children to regulate
themselves or behave appropriately.
The children
• tend to be impulsive, lacking in self-control, and
low in school achievement.
• As adolescents, they engage more in misconduct
and drug use.
Rejecting–Neglecting Parents
The parents
• disengaged, undemanding, unsupportive, and low in
responsiveness
• Don’t set limits/rules or monitor children’s behavior.
The children
• tend to have disturbed attachment as infants and
toddlers and, later, problems with peer relationships.
• As teens, they exhibit antisocial behavior, depression
and social withdrawal, drug use, risky sexual
behavior, and low academic and social competence.
Family Dynamics
More to “family” than parenting
# of sibs, sibs’personality, birth order
All members influence each other
All are effected by social support
Developmental changes in the child changes family
dynamics
Changes in the family structure (divorce, new siblings)
Wrap Up: Course Objectives
• To introduce basic questions, theories and methods of
developmental approaches to psychology.
• To show how developmental approaches to psychology
can begin to answer these questions
• To help you to ask the right questions and distinguish a
good design and founded conclusions from unfounded
ones.
• To be interesting!
Why Study Child Development?
• In order to be better parents.
• In order to help choose and shape social
policies.
• In order to understand human nature.
Applying What We’ve Learned
• Pick a good partner!
“The practical lessons of child-development research for
parents begin even before they become parents. Given
the importance of genetics, pick a partner whose
physical, intellectual, and emotional characteristics
suggest that he or she will provide your child with good
genes. Given the importance of the environment, pick a
partner who will be a good mother or father. In terms of
long-term impact on your child, this choice almost
certainly will be the most important decision you ever
make.” (Siegler, et. al., 2003)
Applying What We’ve Learned
• Ensure a healthy pregnancy
• Form a secure attachment (display positive emotion, be
consistent, be responsive)
• Be an authoritative, not an authoritarian or laissez-faire
parent! (Provide support, “guided participation”, involve
your child in decision making)
• Expose children to a second language: the earlier the better
• Provide a stimulating environment
– Books: First you learn to read, then you read to learn…
– Discussions of emotions, narratives…long-term
impacts on language proficiency, theory of mind, social
intelligence etc. etc.
• And much more…
General Conclusions
• Multifaceted and complex interactions
between Nature and Nurture
• Multiple sources of sociocultural effects