Transcript 10.Nanochemistry

Nanochemistry
PhD Halina Falfushynska
Objectives
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Recall the structures of carbon
Describe the physical properties of
buckminster fullerene
Learn that carbon can be used to make
nanotubes
Describe some uses of nanotubes and
fullerene derivatives
Carbon structures
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Graphite:
black, opaque, lusterous, slippery,
conducts electricity
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Diamond:
colourless, clear, lusterous, high
m.p., does not conduct electricity
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Buckminster
fullerene:
Black solid, deep red solution in
petrol
Fullerenes
They are spheres of only carbon atoms and are also
allotropes of carbon
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One example is the
Buckminsterfullerene (Buckyball)
It has a formula C60
It is a black solid
Dissolves in petrol to make a
red solution
Free moving electrons so conducts
electricity
Fullerenes: Uses
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They can cage other molecules
In the future this may be used to
deliver drugs in small amounts for
slow release.
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E.g. Cancer treatment
Nanotubes – How big?
Nanotubes are being
developed for use in
computer technology.
These tubes are:
1-2nm diameter
100mm long
Nanotubes & Fullerene derivatives
Nanotubes Uses
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Biological: drug delivery, trap dangerous substances,
immobilization of enzymes, DNA transfection
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Paints: improving strength & conductivity
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Actuators: changing electrical energy into mechanical
energy e.g. robotics
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Electronics: semiconductors, diodes.
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Chemical industry: catalysts e.g. zeolites in
hydrocarbon cracking
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Excellent website: http://nanotechinkorea.free.fr/english/nanoco.php
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A range of applications intended to
improve life quality and to provide novel
approaches to diagnostic and therapy,
based on suitably designed
nanostructures, nanoparticles or smart
molecular systems.
Currently, a number of research groups is
studying such topics, as witnessed also by
specifically devoted scientific journals.
Types of nanotubes
Semiconductor:
It is a chiral nanotube - “twists” along its length.
Conductor (metallic):
Straight nanotubes
[Only conducts electricity under specific conditions]
Application of nanochemistry
This discipline involves both new materials and
new principles, as powerful tools for an extremely
effective action against a range of diseases.
For example a physicochemical phenomenon
called Surface Plasmon Resonance is used to
develope a technology for drug discovery,
antibody screening, ligand fishing and
therapeutics.
Application of nanochemistry
Futuristic kinds of nanorobots have been
even imagined, able not only to take care of
our health from inside our body, but also to
replicate themselves or to modify
themselves according to the specific problem
to be solved.
Increasing funding initiatives are supporting
this fascinating and promising research field.
Nanomedicine
Nanotechnology provides a wide range of new technologies for
developing customized solutions that optimize the delivery of
pharmaceutical products. Today, harmful side effects of
treatments such as chemotherapy are commonly a result of drug
delivery methods that don't pinpoint their intended target cells
accurately. Researchers at Harvard and MIT, however, have been
able to attach special RNA strands, measuring nearly 10 nm in
diameter, to nano-particles, filling them with a chemotherapy
drug. These RNA strands are attracted to cancer cells. When the
nanoparticle encounters a cancer cell, it adheres to it, and
releases the drug into the cancer cell. This directed method of
drug delivery has great potential for treating cancer patients
while avoiding negative effects (commonly associated with
improper drug delivery)
Nanorobotics
Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field creating machines
or robots whose components are at or close to the scale of
a nanometer (10−9 meters). More specifically, nanorobotics refers to
the nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and
building nanorobots, with devices ranging in size from 0.1–10 micrometers and
constructed of nanoscale or molecular components.[ The
names nanobots, nanoids, nanites, nanomachines or nanomites have
also been used to describe these devices currently under research and
development.
Diode:
The nanotube is used here to connect two
electrodes (yellow) on a silicon dioxide base (green)
[Diodes allow a current to travel in one direction only]
Superconductors or Insulators:
NANOTUBES
Nanotubes are made by joining fullerenes together
Properties
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Hexagons curled into a
tube shape
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Very strong
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Conducts electricity
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Small with a large surface
area
Can be separated from
liquid products for re-use
Uses
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Reinforce Graphite in tennis
racquets
Semi conductors in electric
circuits in modern
computers and electric
circuits
Industrial catalysts
Drug Delivery – ‘Buckydrugs’
‘Cages’ made of Buckminster fullerene
structures can be used to carry drugs
Bacteria can be used to carry drugs, DNA or
sensors attached to nanoparticles into cells for
treatment, gene therapy or diagnosis.
Replacing Antibiotics