Transcript Nanotechnology and Nano-Materials Manufacturing

Nanotechnology and
Nano-Materials Manufacturing
David J. Lawrence
ISAT Department & Center for Materials Science
James Madison University
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Outline
• My background & interests: microfabrication
and sensors
• Impact of Nanotechnology on FCS
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Communications
Power generation
Sensors
Armor
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Introduction
• The development and commercialization of
many nano-scale devices and products relies
on a combination of micro- and
nanotechnologies.
• Microfabrication, including
MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS),
enables the application of nanomaterials to a
wide variety of devices…
“nano-enabled” devices
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Microfabrication at JMU
• Few predominantly undergraduate colleges and
universities offer undergraduates an opportunity to
work in a microfabrication laboratory.
• The JMU Microfabrication Laboratory is a
cleanroom facility, which
– gives undergraduate students hands-on
experience with microfabrication technology,
and
– reinforces the fundamental understanding
provided through classroom instruction.
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JMU Microfabrication Laboratory
Wet Process
Stations
Solvent
Cabinet
Spin Coating
Hood
Chemical Vapor
Deposition and
Electrical
Measurements
Room
Class 100,000
Electrical Characterization
Wet Etching and
Microscope
Area
Class 10,000
Photolithography
Class 1000
Deposition Systems
Microscope
Gowning
Room
Deposition &
Plasma Etch
Area
Profiler
Plasma
Etch
Furnace
Floor Plan of 1600 ft2 Laboratory Area
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Materials Investigated
• Activities in the Microfabrication Laboratory focus on the
preparation, characterization, and application of thin films of a
variety of materials, including
– Metals: aluminum, titanium, nickel, chromium, vanadium, gold, tin,
bismuth, and alloys
– Dielectrics: SiO2, Al2O3, WO3, glasses
– Semiconductors and Transparent Conductors: Ge, VOx, ITO, SnO2,
ZnO
• These thin films are deposited by a variety of techniques,
including multi-source dc and rf magnetron sputtering,
evaporation, CVD, and spin coating.
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DC & RF Multi-Target Magnetron
Sputter Deposition System
Control Panel
Rotating Substrate Holder
Deposition Chamber
& Pumping System
3 Sputter Guns
Substrate Heater
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Metal-Silicon Thermopile Temperature Sensor
Device Design
Completed Devices
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Thermopile Sensor with Etched Well
Al
n-Si
SiO2
p+
Etched Well
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Bismuth-Antimony Thermopiles
Top
Bottom
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Nanotechnology: Aspects of FCS Impacted
• Communications
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Electronics
Optoelectronics
Optical fibers
Displays
• Power generation
– Photovoltaic devices
– Fuel Cells
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Nanotechnology: Aspects of FCS Impacted
• Sensors
– Physical
– Chemical
– Biological
• Armor
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Nanotubes
• Nanotubes are sheets of graphite rolled up into cylinders.
• They range from 1 to tens of nanometers in diameter.
• They have a broad range of electronic (metallic or semiconducting, depending upon the twist of the tube),
thermal (thermal conductivity is temperature dependent),
and structural (they can be straight or twisted) properties.
• They can have single- or multiple-wall structure.
• They are very very strong: they have 100 times the
tensile strength of steel
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Nanotubes
• Graphite sheet and single-walled nanotubes
(artist’s rendition)
Phaedon Avouris,
IBM Research
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Nanotubes
• Nanotube (on four gold electrodes)
Christian Schönenberger’s
research group, University
of Basel
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Nanotubes for Electronics
• Nanotube transistors (prototype)
Phaedon Avouris, IBM
Research
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Nanotubes for Electronics
• Nanotube transistors (artist’s rendition)
Phaedon Avouris, IBM Research
– High performance (i.e., high speed & low power consumption)
– Flexibility
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Nanotubes for Electronics
• Array of nanotube transistors wired into a circuit
(artist’s rendition)
Adrian Bachtold, Cees Dekker, et al.,
Delft University of Technology
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Nanotubes for Optoelectronics
• Light-emitting nanotubes
Phaedon Avouris, IBM Research
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Nanotechnology for Optoelectronics
• Quantum-dot laser
Zia Laser, Inc.
Albuquerque,NM
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Nanotubes for Optical Fibers
• SnO2 Nanoribbons
Peidong Yang, University of California, Berkeley
and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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Nanotubes for Displays
• Field Emission Display – FED
Adrian Burden, Materials World,
vol. 8, pp. 22-25, July 2000
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Nanotubes for Power Generation
• Batteries
– Nanotubes have a high surface area (~1000 m2/g) and good
electrical conductivity (lithium ion batteries: lithium ion
storage).
• Fuel Cells
– Nanotubes’ high surface area and thermal conductivity make
them useful as electrode catalyst supports and perhaps as current
collectors because of their high electrical conductivity.
– Hydrogen storage?
• Photovoltaic Cells
– Dye-Sensitized Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Solar Cells
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Nanotechnology for Sensors
• Sensors
– Physical
– Chemical
– Biological
• Since nano-scale materials are made up of structures
just a few atoms across, just a few molecules of a
chemical can produce a response.
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Nanotechnology for Sensors
• Plastic nanowires have been used to detect gases
(e.g., ammonia).
 An array of wires might be made sensitive to a variety
of different gases.
• Carbon nanotubes could be functionalized at their
ends to act as biosensors for DNA or proteins.
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Nanotubes for Sensors
• World’s smallest balance
Walter de Heer, Georgia Institute of Technology
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Nanotechnology for Sensors
• Nanocantilevers
P. G. Datskos and T. G. Thundat,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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Nanotechnology for Armor
• Future Force Warrior
Uniform
Future Warrior exhibit, Russell
Senate Building in Washington, DC
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Nanotechnology for Body Armor
• Lighter and stronger fabrics
• Adaptive fabrics  no longer passive
– fabrics that can stiffen at the sound of gunfire or become
a splint
– porosity can adapt to temperature changes and
precipitation
• “Nanomuscle fibers” increase soldier’s strength
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Nanotechnology for Body Armor
• Built-in sensors and communications
– Can monitor the soldier on the battlefield
• location
• battlefield conditions (including chemical and biological
agents)
• body temperature
• heart rate …
– Heads-up display in eyewear
• maps
• enemy location …
– Communications
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Nanotechnology for Body Armor
• Protection against chemical and biological agents
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Fabrics that block toxic chemicals and germs
Fabrics that neutralize chemical and biological agents
Fabrics that can deliver medications
Protective skin creams
Examples:
• anthrax antibiotic (Rice University)
• silver nanoparticles – silver has natural antibacterial and
antifungal properties
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Acknowledgments
• Drs. Gerald R. Taylor, W. Gene Tucker, Ronald W. Raab, and
Thomas C. DeVore
• We thank John Gotwald, Brandon Shreckhise, Zachary
Workman, Evan Schwartz for their technical assistance.
• Our Microfabrication Laboratory has been supported by
Virginia’s Center for Innovative technology (CIT) through
Virginia’s Manufacturing Innovation Center (VMIC).
• Our Microfabrication Laboratory has also been supported
by a CCLI grant from the National Science Foundation
(Award #DUE-0088127).
• Our Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU)
Program is supported by NSF (Awards #DMR-0097449,
2001-2004 and #DMR-0353773, 2004-2007).
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Questions?
?
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