Transcript Introduction to Drugs - BS Intranet Home Page

BS371 Drugs in Sport
Anna Wittekind
In the news…since last year
• Operacion Puerto
• Top riders suspended from
2006 Tour de France
• Spanish police raid on
Spanish Doctor ‘Fuentes’
– Anabolic steroids, frozen
blood, transfusion
equipment
• Possession of list of >50
riders
In the news…
• Floyd Landis
• +ve for testosterone
stage 17 TdF 2006
• Guilty US arbitration
panel
• Oscar Pereiro named
winner
And this year TdF…
• Rasmussen sacked by
Rabobank;
• Vinoukirov – blood
doping
• Moreni and Sinkewitz
(testosterone)
In the news…
• Christine Ohuruogu
• Bans for missing 3
out-of-competition
tests
• May also face ban
competing Olympics
for GB
In the news…
• Ian Thorpe
• AUS, 5x Olympic
Champion
• Cleared
• Gary Player claims
golfers taking drugs
• Major tours to start
testing 2008
In the news…
• Marion Jones
• 5 x Gold medals, Sydney
Olympics
• Pleaded guilty to lying re.
steriod abuse before 2000
(and after)
• Coach (Trevor Graham)
‘flaxseed oil’ – steroid ‘the
clear’ (Balco)
Lecture breakdown
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Introduction and assessment
IOC List of Doping Classes
Overview of all classes
Detail
– Stimulants
– Anabolic steroids
– Blood boosting
• Drug detection
Introduction
• What is doping?
• What is a drug?
• Chemical substances which interact with biological
targets to alter the biochemical systems of the body Mottram
• What is an ergogenic aid?
• application of a nutritional, physical, mechanical,
psychologic, physiologic or pharmacologic
procedure or aid to improve physical work capacity
• Why take drugs?
• Why test?
Brief (! or not) history
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Ancient Greeks used special diets, potions
‘Doping’ used as term for drugging racehorses
19thC - strychnine, caffeine, cocaine and alcohol
1928 - IAAF banned doping, but no tests
1930’s development of synthetic hormones – used since 1950’s
1966 - UCI and FIFA introduced tests
1968 - Olympic Games (Mexico City) introduced tests
1974 - reliable test for anabolic steroids
1970’s/80’s – state sponsored doping – GDR
1970’s blood doping – banned 1986
1980 - use of natural hormones
1988 - Ben Johnson scandal
1990 - EPO joined list but no test until Sydney 2000
1998 - Tour de France – ‘Festina Affair’
1999 - WADA
2004 - World Anti-doping Code
2004 - THG (Tetrahydrogestrione) – Balco scandal
2006 - TdF Operacion Puerto
Drugs and Targets
• Drug ideally interacts with
single target to produce effect;
But
• Varying degree of side-effects
depending on extent to which
interact with sites other than
primary target
• Aim is maximum selectivity
• Most drugs interact with
receptors
DRUG + RECEPTOR
DRUG-RECEPTOR COMPLEX
BIOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION
WITHIN CELLS
EFFECT
Assessment
• Web page discussing use of one ‘performanceenhancing’ substance/method in sport
• Can cover
– Overview of the drug/ergogenic aid;
– Purported mechanism of action;
– Evidence that improves performance from one recent original
scientific paper – critical appraisal.
– Links to external websites (usefulness/reliability required)
– Tables, graphs, figures in order to make the website visually
interesting to the reader.
– detection and frequency of illegal use (if an illegal drug)
– optimum dosage for best performance in different sports (if
ergogenic aid)
Assessment
• E.g.
• Banned – EPO, testosterone, nandrolone,
ephedrine
• Legal – caffeine, echinacea, colostrum,
glycerol
• Look in Journals, Pubmed etc.
World Anti-Doping Code
2007 Prohibited List
• Substances and methods
prohibited at all times
– Anabolic agents
– Hormones & related
substances
– β2-agonists
– Agents with anti-estrogenic
activity
– Diuretics and other masking
agents
– Enhancement of oxygen
transfer
– Chemical and Physical
manipulation
– Gene doping
• Substances and Methods incompetition
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Stimulants
Narcotics
Cannabinoids
Glucocorticosteroids
• Substances prohibited in
particular sports
– Alcohol
– Beta-blockers
http://www.wadaama.org/en/prohibitedlist.ch2
WADA Anti-Doping Code
• Specified substances
– particularly susceptible to unintentional anti-doping rule violations
due to general availability in medicinal products or which are less
likely to be successfully abused as doping agents – may result in
reduced sanction if athlete can establish that was not intended to
enhance sport performance eg. Cannabinoids, alcohol
• Monitoring program
– substances not on prohibited list but are monitored to detect
patterns of misuse in sport
– Eg. Caffeine, pseudoephedrine
Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE)
• What is it?
• Criteria
– The athlete would experience significant health
problems without taking the prohibited substance or
method;
– The therapeutic use of the substance would not produce
significant enhancement of performance; and
– There is no reasonable therapeutic alternative to the use
of the otherwise prohibited substance or method.
• Standard vs Abbreviated TUE
Incidence in sport
Incidence in Sport
• Most frequent cases in:
– Athletics
• Stimulants, anabolic agents, non-compliance
– Power/weight lifting
• Anabolic agents
– Football
• Stimulants and Marijuana
– Rugby
• Stimulants and anabolic agents
– Cycling
• Stimulants and anabolic agents
– Equestrian racing
• Stimulants, Diuretics
UK Sport
• Country’s National Anti-doping
organisation
– Coordinates testing program
– Quarterly reports on website
• 100% me
– http://www.100percentme.co.uk/home.php
– Drug Information Database
• http://www.didglobal.com/