Transcript Psychology, Performance Enhancing & Nutritional Considerations

Psychology &
Performance Enhancing
Substances
Psychology
The Ideal Performance State
Absence of fear—no fear of failure
No thinking about or analysis of performance
Narrow focus of attention concentrated on the
activity itself
Sense of effortlessness—an involuntary experience
Sense of personal control
Distortion of time and space
Relationship
Between
Confidence
and Athletic
Performance
Why Goal Setting Affects Performance
Goals direct athlete’s attention by prioritizing efforts.
Goals increase effort because of the contingency of
success on goal attainment.
Goals increase positive reinforcement through
feedback given to athletes.
Performance
Enhancing Substances
Types of Performance-Enhancing
Substances
Naturally occurring hormones and the drugs that
mimic their effects
Dietary supplements
Definition of Products That Can Be
Sold as Dietary Supplements
A product (other than tobacco) intended to
supplement the diet. The product contains one or
more of the following: vitamin; mineral; herb or other
botanical; amino acid; dietary substance for use by
humans; or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent,
extract, or combination of these ingredients.
The product must also be intended for ingestion and
cannot be advertised for use as a food.
Table 11.2 Principal Anabolic Steroids Used
by Athletes: Orally Active Steroids
Generic name or category
Example trade names
Methandrostenolone
Dianabol
Oxandrolone
Anavar
Stanozolol
Winstrol
Oxymetholone
Anadrol
Fluoxymesterone
Halotestin
Methyltestosterone
Oreton-M
Mesterolone
Proviron
Table 11.2 Principal Anabolic Steroids Used
by Athletes: Injectable Steroids
Generic name or category
Example trade names
Testosterone esters
Delatestryl, Sustanon
Nandrolone esters
Deca-Durabolin
Stanozolol
Strombaject
Methenolone enanthate
Primobolan-Depot
Boldenone undecylenate
Parenabol
Trenbolone acetate
Parabolan
Body Composition Changes With Anabolic Steroids
Risks of Anabolic Steroid Use
Primary risk for women is masculinization.
Primary risks for young boys are accelerated
puberty; early closure of the ends of the long bones.
Both males and females who use high doses of
anabolic steroids are at risk for psychological
changes that include increased aggressiveness.
Potential Risks to Performance
Uncontrolled emotional responses directed at a
teammate
Unanticipated decline in performance when steroid
use is stopped
Undesirable increase in body weight in aerobic
endurance athletes
Anabolic Steroids: Bottom Lines
Anabolic steroid use will likely increase body
weight.
Other performance benefits have not been well tested
or demonstrated.
Suspected psychological effects are difficult to test.
Health risks in men are comparable to known risks
to women from use of oral steroidal contraceptives.
More serious health risks accompany the use of
very high doses of anabolic steroids.
Other Hormones Used by Athletes
As Ergogenic Aids
Human chorionic gonadotropin increases testicular
testosterone production.
Growth hormone stimulates physical growth of the
body.
Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production.
Beta-adrenergic agonists affect the metabolic and
nervous systems.
Problems in Drug Testing
Some ergogenic substances, such as caffeine,
occur naturally in the body.
Some substances, such as recombinant human
growth hormone, are difficult to test for because
they are indistinguishable from naturally occurring
hormones.
Masking agents may dilute the urine specimen and
make it difficult to obtain a positive test.
Dietary Supplements
Vitamins
Steroid replacers
Growth hormone releasers
L-carnitine
Creatine
Caffeine