Transcript Prevention
Prevention Any organizational activity aimed at keeping unlawful behavior from occurring or keeping such behavior to a minimum and avoiding intervention Prevention in general Primary, secondary, tertiary Difficulty of evaluating prevention Correlational If nothing happens, was it because of prevention. Tiger prevention Secular drift Resistance of politicians, public, etc. Theories Deterrence Biological explanations (genetics, health care, diet) Psychological characteristics: aggression, hyperactivity, impulsivity, intelligence, moral development Theories Sociological Differential association, social/self control Ecological Strain, opportunity, middle class measuring rod Economics, relative deprivation Theories Conflict Crime prevention study University of Maryland Rated studies on such aspects as Control of other variables Statistical power Research design: Correlations, temporal sequence, comparisons, random assignment and comparisons Study Evaluation of history, chance factors, selection bias Evaluated studies and examined results What works, what doesn’t work, what’s promising What doesn’t work Gun buyback programs Community mobilization in high crime inner city areas Home visits by police to couples after domestic violence Individual and peer counseling of students What doesn’t work DARE Summer jobs for at-risk youths School-based leisure time enrichment programs Short term nonresidential training programs What doesn’t work Neighborhood watch, esp. in high crime areas where voluntary participation needed Arrests of juveniles for minor offenses (backfires) Arrests of unemployed suspects for domestic assault What doesn’t work Increased raids on drug markets Storefront police officers Correctional boot camps Scared Straight Shock sentences Home detention and EM for low-risk offenders What doesn’t work ISP General counseling of offenders Residential programs for juvenile offenders in rural settings (outward bound, etc) What works Frequent home visits to infants Preschool and weekly home visits by teachers to children under 5 Family therapy and parent training about delinquent and at-risk preadolescents What works Clarifying and communicating norms about behavior through rules and schoolwide initiatives (such as antibullying campaigns) in schools Life Skills Training programs, teaching such skills to youths as stress management, problem-solving, selfcontrol What works Training in thinking skills to high-risk youths Ex-offender job training for old males Nuisance abatement (threatening civil action against landlords for not addressing drug dealing and crime on premises) What works Extra police patrols in high crime hot spots Repeat offender units Arresting domestic abusers if they are employed Incarceration of repeat offenders who will continue to commit crimes What works Rehabilitation programs for offenders using treatments appropriate to their risk factors Therapeutic community programs in prisons What’s promising Gang offender monitoring Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America Community based afterschool recreation programs Battered women’s shelters seems to work if the women take further steps School within schools What’s promising Job Corps Prison-based vocational education programs in the federal prisons Dispersing inner-city public housing residents to scattered suburban public housing (reduced crime, high school dropout and parental unemployment What’s promising Enterprise zones with tax-break incentives in areas of high unemployment What’s promising: deterrence 2nd clerk in already robbed convenience stores Redesigning layout of retail stores to reduce shoplifting Training and management of bar staff reduces tavern violence and accidents Metal detectors in schools reduce weapon carrying (although not assaults) What’s promising Airport metal detectors Sky marshals Street closures, barricades and rerouting Target hardening Problem-solving analysis addressed to the specific crime situation What’s promising Arrests for carrying unauthorized concealed weapons Community policing reduces community perceptions of crime severity Polite Field interrogations of suspicious persons Higher numbers of police officers (some cities) What’s promising Drug courts Drug treatment in jails followed by urine testing in the community Intensive supervision and aftercare of minor juvenile offenses (runaways, truants) reduced future offending for first time offenders (but not multiple) What’s promising Intensive supervision and aftercare of serious juvenile offenders Fines Day fines for technical violations