Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Download
Report
Transcript Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually Transmitted
Infections
Presented by:
Why do you need to know about
STIs?
The average age both male and female Canadians have
sex for the first time is 16.5.
28% of teens aged 15-17 report having had sexual
intercourse at least once. By age 20-24, this increases
to 80%.
In a 2005 report, 41% of males aged 15-17 and 39% of
those aged 18-19 reported having more than one sexual
partner in the previous year.
For females in the study, 29% of 15-17 year olds and
31% of those aged 18-19 reported having more than
one sexual partner in the previous year.
Overview
What is an STI?
What causes STIs?
Risk Factors
How can STIs be transmitted?
Common STIs
What should you do if you
suspect you may have an STI?
Preventing the spread of STIs
Quiz
What is an STI?
Sexually transmitted infections are
infections usually transmitted through
sexual intercourse.
STIs often do not have any symptoms; it
is possible to have an STI and not even
be aware of it.
General Warning Signs
different vaginal discharge
discharge from penis
burning during urination or sex
sores or growths on genitals or around anus
itch or odour
Any STI…
can increase chances of getting another STI.
can be passed from the mother to the baby during the
birthing process.
may lead to infertility in women.
What causes STIs?
bacteria
viruses
curable with antibiotics
easily cured if caught
early; however, there
are often no symptoms
http://matcmadison.edu/is/hhps/mlt/mljensen/image
s/Bacterium.jpeg
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/c
ells/viruses/images/virus.jpg
not curable
other organisms
can treat symptoms
www.ento.okstate.edu/ddd/insects/pubiclice.htm
Risk Factors
Anyone who has had sexual intercourse is at risk for
having an STI.
factors that increase risk:
- more than one sexual partner
- sex with someone who has more than one partner
- sex without a condom
STIs are NOT transmitted via…
toilets
eating
utensils
holding
hands
towels
STIs are NOT transmitted via…
bedding
swimming
pools
telephones
insect
bites
How are STIs transmitted?
sharing/using dirty
needles
sexual
intercourse
(anal, vaginal, oral)
at birth
Before we learn about STIs…
What do normal genital areas look like?
Female
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vagina-anatomy-labelled2.jpg/444px-Vagina-anatomy-labelled2.jpg
Male
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Human_penis_both_flaccid_and_erect.jpg
Common STIs
bacterial:
chlamydia
gonorrhea
syphilis
viral:
HIV
human papillomavirus/genital warts
hepatitis
Chlamydia & Gonorrhea
chlamydia: up to 90% of women and 70% of men with chlamydia
have no symptoms
gonorrhea (‘The Clap’): 80% of women & 40% of men with
gonorrhea have no symptoms
common symptoms:
- discharge from penis/vagina
- painful urination and bowel movements
- painful intercourse
- in women: bleeding between periods, bleeding after intercourse
Symptoms usually appear a couple of days to a few weeks after
infection.
Prevalence of Chlamydia
http://www.health.alberta.ca/documents/STI-ND-Annual-Report-2011.pdf
Prevalence of Gonorrhea
http://www.health.alberta.ca/documents/STI-ND-Annual-Report-2011.pdf
Updated October 2013
Chlamydia
can easily be treated with a single dose of antibiotics
a significant cause of blindness
passed through vaginal/anal sex, but not usually through
oral sex
Gonorrhea
can be treated with antibiotics
arthritis
pelvic inflammatory disease
Syphilis
several stages of infection:
primary
3 weeks to 3 months after infection
chancres on genital area—painless and VERY
contagious
secondary
2-3 months
spotty skin rash
fever, fatigue, hair loss
Syphilis
chronic
period of no symptoms
may continue for years!
may progress right on to tertiary
tertiary
serious organ damage occurs anytime after one year
affects eyes, brain, muscles can be fatal
Updated March 2008
Syphilis
infection can be spread to fetus in pregnant women and
cause stillbirth or lifelong disabilities
fetal abnormalities prenatal care!
treatment:
infection <1 year long: a single shot of penicillin
infection >1 year long: many doses of penicillin over three weeks
Human Papillomavirus
HPV can lead to genital warts in the genital or anal areas
#1 cause of cancer of the cervix
symptoms:
- genital warts (cauliflower-like)
- often recurrent and resistant
- up to 90% of people have no symptoms (self-heal within 2
years)
extremely common, with up to 80% sexually active people
being infected
newborn babies rarely get the virus during the birthing process
Human Papillomavirus
diagnosis of HPV done using the Pap smear
once sexually active, females need yearly Pap smears
symptoms (genital warts) can be treated, but there is no
cure
Human Papillomavirus
protection: females are vaccinated between the ages of
9-26 (up to age 45 in women at high risk)
Gardasil®:
offers protection against cervical cancer and genital
warts
given as 3 injections over 6 months
covers 4 out of 6 HPV viruses that can cause cancer
(70% of cervical cancer and genital warts)
Speak to a health care professional about whether
you should receive it.
Herpes
symptoms can occur 2-10 days after exposure
may show no symptoms
can cause itching, blisters/sores, pain/discomfort of
genital area, difficulty or pain in urinating
estimated 1/7 Canadians aged 14-59 have herpes
estimated only 1/10 of those know they have it
Herpes
symptoms can be treated, but herpes cannot be cured
may be passed on to partners at any time
viral shedding occurs even when blisters are absent
pregnant women should be tested
herpes can be passed on to unborn child, causing
disability or miscarriage
Herpes
recurrent episodes are usually shorter and less severe
people have on average about four outbreaks per year
stress and anxiety are common triggers for outbreaks
HIV/AIDS
True or False?
Only MSMs, sex trade workers, and people in third
world countries can get HIV.
There is a cure for HIV.
HIV/AIDS
HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus; AIDS = Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system; an HIV
infection can progress to the AIDS syndrome
HIV may have no symptoms, or mild symptoms; AIDS
patients can have life-threatening infections or cancer
HIV/AIDS
an estimated 70 000 people have HIV in Canada; 2500 new
cases each year
HIV infection increases chances of getting another STI, and
vice versa
can be passed from a mother to baby through breast milk or at
birth
There is no cure for HIV!
Hepatitis
hepatitis = inflammation of the liver
many types of hepatitis; most common are A, B, C
diagnosed via simple blood tests
vaccines available for Hepatitis A & B
each one is transmitted a bit differently:
A - fecal/oral
B - blood and body fluids
C - blood products
Hepatitis A & B symptoms: flu-like symptoms, darker
urine
Hepatitis C symptoms: extreme fatigue
may have no symptoms
Other ways to get HIV and
hepatitis
IV drug use (20-40% of IV drug users are infected with
hepatitis C within the first year, and up to 90% after 5
years; can also get HIV from IV drug use)
tattoos
Prevention!
Don’t share needles, syringes, and other drug
paraphernalia.
What should I do if I suspect I
have an STI?
stop having sex
get tested at a doctor’s
office or clinic
treat your partners as
well
Preventing STIs
abstinence: the only 100% way of preventing the
spread of STIs
mutual monogamy: limiting sex to one uninfected
partner who only has sex with you
It’s a good idea to ask your partner if she/he has an
STI and work out a risk reduction plan.
Preventing STIs
Do not use/share needles with anyone.
Use a condom during intercourse; this can drastically
decrease the chances of getting an STI. (N.B. Proper
use is EXTREMELY IMPORTANT!)
Other birth control methods: the pill, diaphragms,
spermicide—do those prevent STIs?
Test and treat for STIs as quickly as possible.
Condom Disclaimer
Condoms are not 100% effective against
infections that can be transferred from skin
to skin contact (i.e. herpes, HPV).
Condom Dos and Don’ts
Do store in a cool dry place.
Do not leave condoms in the sunlight, a wallet or glove
compartment.
Do check the expiry date.
Do use a water based lubricant (e.g. KY Jelly®).
Do not use oil-based product (e.g. Vaseline®).
Condom Dos and Don’ts
Do open a package carefully.
Do not open with teeth or scissors.
Do not use spermicide with condoms; it may cause
vaginal irritation or cause latex to break down.
Do practice putting on and taking off the condom.
Do read the instructions carefully.
Resources
school guidance counselor
www.sexualityandu.ca
family doctor, pharmacist, other health care
professional
walk-in clinics (Medicentres, SHINE Clinic)
Capital Health STD centre and info line
1-800-772-2437
What your pharmacist can do
for you
advice
referral to support services
condoms and other methods of birth control
Plan B®
clean needles and syringes
Quiz! – True or False
1. STIs are transferred
through using public
toilets.
1. False: STIs are commonly
transferred by sexual intercourse
and dirty needles.
2. STI’s are caused by a
variety of organisms.
2. True: Bacteria, viruses, and other
organisms may all cause STIs.
3. Chlamydia is curable.
3. True: Chlamydia can be treated
with antibiotics.
Quiz! – True or False
4. HIV is more easily
transmitted when
another STI is present.
4. True: The presence of an STI
increases the likelihood of
HIV transmission.
5. HPV can be cured.
5. False: HPV can be treated but
not cured.
6. Gonorrhea may lead to
infertility in women.
6. True: Even though gonorrhea
often has no symptoms, it can
cause infertility.
Quiz! – True or False
7. Hepatitis is an
inflammation of the liver.
7. True: The hepatitis virus affects
the liver.
8. Herpes can be transmitted
even when no symptoms
are present.
8. True: Herpes can be transmitted
before any visible signs occur.
9. Syphilis is not a fatal STI.
9. False: If untreated, syphilis can
be fatal.
10. Condoms provide 100%
protection against STIs.
10. False: Only abstinence
provides 100% protection.
Updated March 2008
Questions?
References
UptoDate. (September 2013). Patient Information: Chlamydia (Beyond the Basics).
Retrieved October 12, 2013: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/chlamydia-beyond-thebasics
Minnesota Department of Health. (March 2013). What you and your partner should
know about gonorrhea and chlamydia. Retrieved October 12, 2013:
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/dtopics/stds/importantinfo.html
Cleveland Clinic. (2013). Understanding Cervical HPV. Retrieved October 12, 2013:
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/genital_warts/hic_understanding_hpv.aspx
CTV News. (April 2013). One in 7 Canadians has genital herpes: StatsCan study.
Retrieved October 12, 2013: http://www.ctvnews.ca/health/health-headlines/one-in-7canadians-has-genital-herpes-statscan-study-1.1241792
Public Health Agency of Canada. (November 2012). At a Glance – HIV and AIDS in
Canada: Surveillance Report to December 31st, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2013:
http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2011/dec/index-eng.php
Infectious Diseases Society of America. (2013). A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis of Interventions to Prevent Hepatitis C Virus Infection in People Who Inject
Drugs. Retrieved October 12, 2013: http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/1/74.full