Transcript final Copy of sawsan nano

By
Assistant lecturer of Chest Diseases
Al-Azhar University
Faculty of Medicine
History of Nanotechnology
Despite the hype around
nanotechnology in recent
years, it is not a new
technology.
‫•‬
‫أكد العالم المصرى الدكتور محمد على أحمد أستاذ النانو تكنولوجى بكلية العلوم جامعة القاهرة‬
‫النانو تكنولوجى موجود منذ ‪ 7‬آالف سنة‪ ،‬فى الحضارة الفرعونية وعند المصريين القدماء‪،‬‬
‫فمعابد الفراعنة وقدماء المصريون أبهروا العالم بألوانها الثابتة‪ ،‬وأن النانو تكنولوجى موجود‬
‫فى جميع المعابد المصرية بالكامل‪ ،‬سواء فى بناء األهرامات وسواء فى أى أللوان وسواء فى‬
‫مواد البناء ال تتغير بفعل الزمن‪،‬‬
‫•‬
‫النانو كان موجود فى كل شئ فى حياتهم‪ ،‬حتى فى حنة الشعر‪ ،‬وتم تحليلها فى أكبر المعامل‬
‫الفرنسية‪ ،‬عام ‪ 2012‬ووجودها ‪ 6.7‬نانو متر‬
‫•‬
‫ولكن فى العصر الحديث انتبهوا للنانو تكنولوجيا من خالل حيوان السحلية تتحرك على الزجاج‬
‫بدون زحلقة فبدأوا يعملوا األبحاث من خالل الميكروسكوبات اإللكترونية‪ ،‬عليها وعلى الزجاج‬
‫الناعم‪ ،‬وبدراسة حركات السطح للزجاج فوجئوا بجبال وهضاب ومرتفعات على سطح الزجاج‪،‬‬
‫فكيف هذا‪ :‬وبفحص قدم السحلية وجدوه ناعم عن سطح الزجاج نفسه‪ ،‬ووجودوا أن بها‬
‫شعيرات كل شعيرة من ‪2‬إلى ‪ 4‬نانو متر‪ ،‬وسطح الزجاج ‪ 20‬نانو‪ ،‬فتحرك السحلية على سطح‬
‫الزجاج صعب للغاية‪ ،‬وكأن شخص بيتسلق جبال ومرتفعات من غير زحلقة‪ ،‬فبدأوا ينتبهوا‬
‫للنانو تكنولوجى‪.‬‬
The glass cup known as
Lycurgus cup in the British
Museum, due to
nanoparticles of gold and
silver, looks jade green in
natural light and an
impressive red colour when
a bright light shines through
it
Indian used nanotechnology to make weapons
and long lasting cave paintings about 2000
years ago
The colour effect of butterfly wings was copied
by the Romans about 1600 years ago.
The first observation and size measurements
of nanoparticles were carried out using an
ultra microscope by Richard Zsigmondy in
1902.
The American physicist Richard
Feynman lectured, "“
There’s Plenty of Room at
the Bottom”.
On December 29, 1959, at an
American Physical Society
meeting at Caltech
Richard Feynman gave a 1959 talk
which many years later inspired the
conceptual foundations of
nanotechnology.
• Feynman suggested that it
should be possible to
make machines at a nanoscale that "arrange the
atoms the way we want",
and do chemical synthesis
by mechanical
manipulation. This lecture
was
• the birth of the idea and
study of nanotechnology.
Hibbs’s Idea on Nanotechnology in Medicine
• Albert R. Hibbs -a noted mathematician
was fascinated by self-actuated
machines. According to
Feynman, Hibbs originally
suggested to him (circa 1959)
the idea of a medical use for
Feynman's theoretical
micromachines.
Albert R. Hibbs suggests a very interesting possibility
for relatively small machines.
it would be interesting in surgery if you could swallow
the surgeon. You put the mechanical surgeon inside
the blood vessel and it goes into the heart and
``looks'' around … It finds out which valve is the faulty
one and takes a little knife and slices it out. Other
small machines might be permanently incorporated
in the body to assist some inadequately-functioning
organ”.
The term nanotechnology was first used in
1974 by Norio Taniguchi, a researcher at
the University of Tokyo, who used it to
refer to the ability to engineer materials
at nanoscale.
In the 1980s, two inventions
which enabled the imaging
of individual atoms or
molecules as well as their
manipulation led to
significant progress in the
field of nanotechnology.
Gerd invented scanning
tunneling microscope in 1981
,(STM)
while Henrich Rohrer invented
atomic force microscopy
Gerd Binnig (left) and Heinrich Rohrer
(right) won the 1986 Nobel Prize in
Physics for their 1981 invention of
the scanning tunneling microscope
• Fullerenes were
discovered in 1985
by Harry Kroto, Richard
Smalley, and Robert Curl,
who together won the
1996 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry
Harry Kroto won the 1996 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry along with Richard Smalley
(pictured below) and Robert Curl for their
1985 discovery of buckminsterfullerene,.
• 1986 Eric Drexler began
to promote and popularize
nanotechnology through
speeches and books –
• Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology,
• that proposed the idea of a
nanoscale "assembler" which
would be able to build a copy of
itself and of other items of
arbitrary complexity.
K. Eric Drexler developed and
popularized the concept of
nanotechnology and founded the field
of molecular nanotechnology.
In 1991 his work at the MIT Media Lab was the
first doctoral degree on the topic of molecular
nanotechnology that was titled as "Molecular
Machinery and Manufacturing with
Applications to Computation
which received the Association of American
Publishers award for Best Computer Science
Book of 1992.
• In 1991
Saumio Iijima discovered
multi-walled carbon
nanotubes in the
insoluble material of arcburned graphite rods
• By2000, the United States government
launched the National Nanotechnology
Initiative (NNI – a Federal visionary research
and development programme for
nanotechnology-based investments through
the coordination of 16 various US
departments and independent agencies) and
these paved way for the progress in research
and development in the field of
nanotechnology
• Nanomedicine research is receiving funding
from the US National Institutes of Health.
• In April 2006, the journal Nature
Materials estimated that 130 nanotech-based
drugs and delivery systems were being
developed worldwide.
What Feynman and Hibbs considered a
possibility, today 55 years later, is
becoming a reality.
Definition of Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology is the understanding and
control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to
100 nanometers, where unique phenomena
enable novel applications.
• nanotechnology involves imaging,
measuring, modeling, and manipulating
matter at this length scale.
ww.mathworks.com
What is Nanoscale
www.physics.ucr.edu
Fullerenes C60
22 cm
12,756 Km
1.27 × 107 m
0.7 nm
0.22 m
10 millions times
smaller
0.7 × 10-9 m
1 billion times
smaller
• The nanoscale is more interesting
than the atomic scale because the
nanoscale is the first point where we
can assemble something -- it's not
until we start putting atoms together
that we can make anything useful.
(Nobel Prize winner Dr. Horst
Störmer)
A nanometer (nm)
is one-billionth of a
meter, smaller than
the wavelength of
visible light and a
hundred-thousandth
the width of a human
hair
For Pam Norris- July 2009
• At the nano level materials begin to
demonstrate entirely new chemical and
physical properties.
• Materials can be stronger, lighter and
highly soluble , reducing of melting
point ……
• By manipulating the arrangement of
atoms nanotechnology may be able to
create many new materials and devices .
Nanotechnology Generations
Method of synthesis
Top down approach
Bottom up approach
Functional approach
Top-down approaches
• These seek to create smaller
devices by using larger ones to
direct their assembly.
• Many technologies descended
from conventional solid-state
silicon methods for fabricating
microprocessors are now
capable of creating features
smaller than 100 nm, falling under
the definition of
nanotechnology.
Photolithography.
Bottom-up approaches
• These seek to arrange
smaller components into
more complex assemblies.
• DNA nanotechnology
utilizes the specificity of
Watson-Crick basepairing to
construct well-defined
structures out of DNA and
other nucleic acids.
An example of a molecular self assembly through
hydrogen bonds.
Functional approaches
• These seek to develop components of a desired
functionality without regard to how they might be
assembled.
• Molecular electronics seeks to develop molecules
with useful electronic properties. These could then be
used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic
device.
• Synthetic chemical methods can also be used to
create synthetic molecular motors, such as in
a so-called nanocar.
Nanotechnology Applications
Information Technology
• Smaller, faster, more
energy efficient and
powerful computing
and other IT-based
systems
Medicine
• Cancer treatment
• Bone treatment
• Drug delivery
• Appetite control
• Drug development
• Medical tools
• Diagnostic tests
• Imaging
Energy
• More efficient and cost
effective technologies for
energy production
−
−
−
−
Solar cells
Fuel cells
Batteries
Bio fuels
Consumer Goods
• Foods and beverages
−Advanced packaging materials,
sensors, and lab-on-chips for
food quality testing
• Appliances and textiles
−Stain proof, water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
• Household and cosmetics
− Self-cleaning and scratch free
products, paints, and better
cosmetics
Nanomedicine
Nanomedicine is the
application of
nanotechnology in
medicine, including
to cure diseases and
repair damaged
tissues such as
bone, muscle, and
nerve
Applications of Medical Nanotechnology
Diagnosis of
diseases
Drugs and
therapies
Surgery
Medical
Robotics
Nanomedicine helps in Early Diagnosis
Higher sensitivity detection
of early biomarkers
Non- invasive and painless
diagnostic techniques
Genetic testing for
individual therapy
selection
Nano-medicine in Cancer
• Study of cancer at molecular level
• understand the relationship between
gene mutation and the cause of cancers
• identify tumour markers for early
diagnosis of different cancers
• develop cure for
traditionally
incurable cancer
Helps Targeted Drug Delivery
Protected drug delivery to
target sites through
nanoparticles miniature
device with higher doses
and healthy tissue not
affected
provide more effective cure
with fewer side effects
Regenerative Medicine
• Targeted Cell implantation
• Bio mimicking cell membranes
• Polymers with programmable
conformation
• Control of implant rejections
Medicine may become Atomic Medicine
Ultimate Nanotechnology would be to build at
the level of one atom at a time and to be able to
do so with perfection.
Reference
• A. Surendiran, S. Sandhiya, S.C. Pradhan & C.
Adithan. Novel applications of nanotechnology in
medicine. Indian J Med Res 130, December 2009, pp
689-701. Medina C, Santos-Martinez MJ, Radomski
A, Corrigan OI, Radomski MW. Nanoparticles :
pharmacological and toxicological significance. Br J
Pharmacol 2007; 150 : 552-8. Gregoriadis G, Ryman
BE. Fate of protein-containing liposomes injected
into rats. An approach to the treatment of storage
diseases. Eur J Biochem 1972; 24 : 485-91.
McCormack B, Gregoriadis G. Drugs-in- cyclodextrins
-in- liposomes – a novel concept in drug-delivery. Int
J Pharm 1994; 112 : 249-58