Transcript PPT - Rice University Information Technology

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MIT Enterprise Forum® of Texas
Platinum Flagship Series
Rice University
Professor
Richard. E. Smalley
NANOTECHNOLOGY, ENERGY
AND PEOPLE
MIT Forum
River Oaks
January 22, 2003
R. E. Smalley
Rice University
• ENERGY
is the single most important problem facing humanity today.
• WE CAN SOLVE THIS PROBLEM
with revolutionary breakthroughs at the frontiers of Physical
Sciences & Engineering, and particularly in Nanotechnology
• We need a new APOLLO PROJECT to do this.
• The problem is huge, but it is also a magnificent opportunity.
• Success will revolutionize the largest industry in the world, Energy.
• American Youth will enter the physical sciences to do this, inspired
by their idealism, their sense of mission, and their desire to be
“where the action is”.
• In the process this new Apollo Project will produce a cornucopia of
new technologies, and provide the underpinnings for vast new
economic prosperity for the US and the world.
Humanity’s Top Ten Problems
for next 50 years
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ENERGY
WATER
FOOD
ENVIRONMENT
POVERTY
TERRORISM & WAR
DISEASE
EDUCATION
DEMOCRACY
POPULATION
2003
2050
6.3
10
Billion People
Billion People
The ENERGY REVOLUTION
(The Terawatt Challenge)
50
2050
45
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
40
2003
35
14 Terawatts
30 -- 60 Terawatts
450 – 900 MBOE/day
30
213 M BOE/day
25
20
15
10
5
al
c
ge
ot
he
rm
el
ec
tri
w
in
d,
as
s
H
yd
ro
So
la
r,
om
Bi
ss
io
n
Fi
G
as
al
O
il
0
Co
Source: Internatinal Energy Agency
Bi
om
as
H
s
So
yd
r
la
o
r,
el
ec
w
in
tri
d,
c
ge
ot
he
rm
al
io
n
Fi
ss
as
G
al
Co
O
il
0.5%
Projected Demand for Carbon-Free
Energy
• M.I. Hoffert et. al., Nature, 1998, 395, 881, “Energy
Implications of Future Atmospheric Stabilization of CO2 Content”
Possible Sources of Carbon-Free
Energy
• M.I. Hoffert et. al., Science, 2002, 298, 981,
“Advanced Technology Paths to Global Climate Stability: Energy for a
Greenhouse Planet”
Population Growth to
10 Billion People in
2050
Per Capita GDP Growth
at 1.6% yr-1
Energy consumption per
Unit of GDP declines
at 1.0% yr -1
Energy Demand & Source
(in Terawatts)
million BOE/day
TW
50
40
-- 600
30
-- 400
20
-- 200
10
0
2000
2020
2040
2060
YEAR
Source: M.I. Hoffert et. al., Nature, 1998, 395, 881,
2080
2100
Tonight’s Reading Assignment
“Hubbert’s Peak” by Kenneth Deffeyes (2001)
• King Hubbert predicted US oil production would peak in
1970.
It did.
• The same approach predicts World Oil production will
peak within this decade.
It will.
•
The days of cheap energy from oil will then be gone.
World Energy
Millions of Barrels per Day (Oil Equivalent)
300
200
100
0
1860
1900
1940
1980
2020
2060
2100
Source: John F. Bookout (President of Shell USA) ,“Two Centuries of Fossil Fuel Energy”
International Geological Congress, Washington DC; July 10,1985.
Episodes, vol 12, 257-262 (1989).
World Proven OIL Reserves
Nigeria
Mexico
Qatar
2%
3% China
1%
2%
Libya
3%
Proven Oil Reserves
(2000) Saudi Arabia
Other
9%
25%
USA
3%
Russia
5%
Venezuela
8%
Iraq
11%
Iran
9%
Kuw ait
9%
UAE
10%
THE REMAINING OIL RESERVES ARE NOT WHERE WE WANT THEM.
FOR TRANSPORTATION FUELS WE CURRENTLY HAVE NO CHOICE.
Tomorrow’s Reading
Assignment
“The Hydrogen Economy: The Next Great
Economic Revolution” by Jeremy Rifkin
(Tarcher/Putnam, 2002)
H2 is not a primary energy source.
But, after natural gas, it probably will be
our future transportation fuel
and energy storage medium.
PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES
Alternatives to Oil
•
•
•
•
•
Conservation / Efficiency
-- not enough
Hydroelectric
-- not enough
Biomass
-- not enough
Wind
-- not enough
Wave & Tide
-- not enough
•
•
Natural Gas
Clean Coal
-- sequestration?, cost?
-- sequestration?, cost?
•
•
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
-- radioactive waste?, terrorism?, cost?
-- too difficult?, cost?
•
•
•
•
Geothermal HDR
Solar terrestrial
Solar power satellites
Lunar Solar Power
-----
cost ?
cost ?
cost ?
cost ?
Solar Cell Land Area Requirements
180,000 TW
of sunlight
hit the earth
every day
3 TW
20 TW
Graphic
from
Nate Lewis
Cal Tech
Solar Cell Land Area Requirements
6 Boxes at 3.3 TW Each
Sun-Moon-Beam-Rectenna
Solar Power -> Lunar BaseS -> Power BeamS -> Earth ReceiverS
KEY PROMOTER:
DAVID CRISWELL
( Institute of Space Systems Operations, University of Houston)
≥ 20 TWe from the Moon
Nanotechnology
• The art and science of building stuff that does
stuff at the nanometer scale
• The ultimate nanotechnology builds at the
ultimate level of finesse one atom at a time, and
does it with molecular perfection
• It holds the answer, to the extent there are
answers, to most of our most pressing material
needs.
The Wet Side of
Nanotechnology
• All the nano-machinery of cellular life
(and viruses)
• Biotechnology is a form of Nanotechnology
(the wet side)
The Dry Side of Nanotechnology
• Electrical & thermal conduction
• Great strength, toughness, high
temperature resistance, etc
MOLECULAR PERFECTION:
The FULLERENE IDEAL
• The Strongest fiber that will ever be made.
• Electrical Conductivity of Copper or Silicon.
• Thermal Conductivity of Diamond.
• The Chemistry of Carbon.
• The size and perfection of DNA.
Enabling Nanotech Revolutions
•
Photovoltaics -- a revolution to drop cost by 10 to100 fold.
•
H2 storage -- a revolution in light weight materials for pressure tanks , and/or a new light
weight, easily reversible hydrogen chemisorption system
•
Fuel cells -- a revolution to drop the cost by nearly 10 to 100 fold
•
Batteries and supercapacitors -- revolution to improve by 10-100x for automotive and
distributed generation applications.
•
Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to produce a liquid fuel such as methanol.
•
Super-strong, light weight materials to drop cost to LEO, GEO, and later the moon by > 100 x,
and to enable huge but low cost light harvesting structures in space.
•
Robotics with AI to enable construction/maintenance of solar structures in space and on the
moon; and to enable nuclear reactor maintenance and fuel reprocessing. (nanoelectronics, and
nanomaterials enable smart robots)
•
Actinide separation nanotechnologies both for revolutionizing fission fuel reprocessing, and for
mining uranium from sea water
•
Alloy nanotechnologies to improve performance under intense neutron irradiation (critical for all
of the GEN IV advanced reactor designs, and for fusion).
•
Thermoelectrics or some other way of eliminating compressors in refrigeration.
Enabling Nanotech Revolutions
•
High current cables (superconductors, or quantum conductors) with which to rewire the
electrical transmission grid, and enable continental, and even worldwide electrical energy
transport; and also to replace aluminum and copper wires essentially everywhere -particularly in the windings of electric motors (especially good if we can eliminate eddy
current losses).
•
Thermochemical schemes of producing H2 from water that work efficiently at temperatures
lower than 900 C. Direct nuclear heat -> hydrogen gas at high efficiency would be a very
big breakthrough.
•
Light emitting diodes or something else that can replace all incandescent and fluorescent
lighting.
•
Superstrong, light weight, materials for automobiles, airplanes, etc. that can replace steel,
titanium, and aluminum in as many places as possible.
•
CO2 mineralization schemes that can work on a vast scale, hopefully starting from basalt
and having no waste streams.
•
Materials/ coatings that will enable vastly lower the cost of deep drilling, to enable HDR
(hot dry rock) geothermal heat mining.
•
Nanofiltration membranes for purification/desalination of water on a vast scale at near
100% thermodynamic efficiency.
•
Nanoelectronics to drop energy consumption and enhance performance of computers,
sensors, and devices.
The People Problem
Number of Physics Ph.D. Degrees Awarded in the U.S.
1800
1600
Number of Ph.D.s
1400
1200
1000
Sputnik
800
600
End of WW II
400
200
0
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Year
TOTAL
U.S. Citizens
Permanent Visa
Temporary Visa
Ph.D. Degrees in Physics
as a Percentage of GDP
The Sputnik
Generation
0.05
Percent
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
GDP is expressed in constant 1996 dollars (in million)
Source: American Institute of Physics & National Science Board,
Science and Engineering Indicators, 2002.
Physical Scientist Production in the US is not keeping up with GDP
even though the physical sciences are the basis of most wealth creation.
Doctoral Sciences & Engineering Degrees
18000
Asians in Asian Institutions
16000
Number of Degrees Granted
14000
12000
All nationalities in US Institutions
10000
8000
US citizens in US Institutions
6000
4000
Asians in US Institutions
2000
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year
Source: Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards, 1996 and 2000, NSF; Science and Engineering Indicators,
NSB, 2002
Sciences = Physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Engineering = Aeronautical, astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, material, metallurgical, and mechanical.
By 2010, if current trends continue,
over 90% of all physical scientists and engineers in the world
will be Asians working in Asia.
The biggest single challenge for the next few decades:
ENERGY
for 1010 people
•
. At
MINIMUM we need 10 Terawatts (150 M BOE/day)
from some new clean energy source by 2050
•
For worldwide peace and prosperity we need it to be cheap.
•
We simply can not do this with current technology.
•
We need American Boys and Girls to enter Physical Science and
Engineering as they did after Sputnik.
•
Inspire in them a sense of MISSION
( BE A SCIENTIST
SAVE THE WORLD )
• We need a bold new APOLLO PROGRAM
to find the NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
New Energy Research Program
(The Nickel & Dime Solution)
• For FY04-FY09 collect 5 cents from every gallon of oil product
Invest the resultant $10 Billion per year as additional funding in
frontier energy research distributed among DOE, NSF, NIST,
NASA, and DoD.
• For the next 10 years collect 10 cents from every gallon;
invest the $20 Billion per year in frontier energy research.
• Devote a third of this money to New Energy Research Centers.
• Put the first such center in HOUSTON, Texas 77005.
• ENERGY
Is the single most important problem facing humanity today.
• WE CAN SOLVE THIS PROBLEM
with revolutionary breakthroughs at the frontiers of Physical
Sciences & Engineering, and particularly in Nanotechnology
• We need a new APOLLO PROJECT to do this.
• The problem is huge, but it is also a magnificent opportunity.
• Success will revolutionize the largest industry in the world, Energy.
• American Youth will enter the physical sciences to do this, inspired
by their idealism, their sense of mission, and their desire to be
“where the action is”.
• In the process this new Apollo Project will produce a cornucopia of
new technologies, and provide the underpinnings for vast new
economic prosperity for the US and the world.
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