Transcript STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

CONSCIOUSNESS IS DEFINED AS
THE AWARENESS OF OURSELVES
AND OUR ENVIRONMENT.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
are our bodies biological cycles that
occur every 24 hours.
Sleep, blood pressure, body temperature
are just some examples
TYPES OF BRAINWAVES
SLEEP STAGES
When people are relaxed & ready to fall
asleep, their EEG (electroencephalogram)
shows mostly alpha waves.
Stage I sleep lasts for just a few minutes.
Stage 2 sleep last for about 20 minutes & is
characterized by short burst of brain waves
called sleep spindles.
Stages 3 & 4 are known as slow wave sleep,
and the EEG displays delta waves. People
in stage 3 & 4 sleep show slow breathing &
pulse rates, are difficult to arouse. This is
the stage in which sleep walking occurs.
At the end of stage 4, people go back through
the stages in reverse for stage 4 to 3 to 2 and
then into REM or Rapid Eye Movement,
also known as paradoxical sleep.
SLEEP DEPRIVATION
- REM sleep deprivation interferes with
memory.
- If deprived of REM sleep will experience
REM rebound-experiencing more & longer
periods of REM the next time allowed to
sleep normally.
- The more stress we experience, the longer
our periods of REM sleep will be.
SLEEP DISORDERS
Insomnia – problem with falling or staying
asleep
Narcolepsy – fall asleep during the day
Sleep apnea – stop breathing many times
during the night, and each time they stop
breathing, they wake up briefly and gasp for
air. This robs them of deep sleep, which
leads to irritability, high blood pressure &
fatigue during the day.
DREAM THEORIES
 Dreams are the series of story like
images we experience as we sleep.
 LUCID DREAMS are when we are
aware we are dreaming & control our
dreams.
The Psychoanalytic View
Manifest content –storyline of the dream
Latent content – hidden meaning of the
dream.
Freud felt that dream interpretation was a
method to get at the repressed memories &
that dreams were wish fulfilling..in other
words we act out our unconscious desires.
THE ACTIVATION SYNTHESIS THEORY
 The dreaming brain is a result of randomly
activated neurons during REM sleep.
 Just random neural impulses.
 The brain synthesizes these spontaneously
generated neural signals into coherent
patterns or dreams.
 Dreams are basically brain sparks.
The Information Processing Theory
 Stress during the day will increase the
number and intensity of dreams during
the night. Most people’s dream
content relates to their daily concerns
or problems. So perhaps the brain is
dealing with daily stress and
information during REM sleep.
ALTERED STATES
 HYPNOSIS
is a procedure that opens people up to the
power of suggestion, by placing the subject
into an intense state of relaxation.
Posthypnotic amnesia – instructed to forget
what happened during the hypnosis.
Posthypnotic suggestion – a suggestion that
a hypnotized person behave in a certain way
after being brought out of hypnosis.
Ernest Hilgard’s Dissociation Theory
 Hypnosis causes us to divide our
consciousness voluntarily. One part of
our consciousness responds to the
suggestions of the hypnotist, while the
other part retains an awareness of
reality.
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
 are chemicals that change consciousness awareness, mood,
thinking, perception or behavior.
 Stimulants-increase alertness, elevate mood
examples: Nicotine, caffeine, cocaine,
amphetamines
 Depressants-decrease bodily processes, create
relaxation
examples: alcohol, valium, xanax
 Narcotics/Opiates-numb the senses & serve as
painkillers examples: codeine, morphine, heroin,
opium
Hallucinogens- changes perception,
examples: LSD & marijuana
Other vocabulary terms
 Tolerance – Reduced responsiveness to a drug,
prompting the user to increase the dosage to achieve
effects previously obtained by lower doses.
 Withdrawal – the discomfort that follows when a
person who is dependent on a drug discontinues the
use of that drug.
 Dependence – a state of physiological and
physiological need to take more of a substance after
given use.