Transcript Individual Warm-up

Group Warm-up
• Piaget’s theory of cognitive development includes 4 stages
of development. Put the stages in order.
• Stages: Formal Operational, Sensorimotor,
Preoperational, Concrete Operational
Stage
Age
Focus
0-2
Uses senses to experience the
world
Using words, lack of logical
reasoning
Understanding and thinking
logically about concrete things
Abstract reasoning
2-6
7-11
12 and
Up
Warm-Up
• Each group had been given a dream.
• Your group should explain the dream from
the three theories:
– Psychoanalytic
– Activation-Synthesis
– Problem Solving
Circadian Rhythms
• The body’s biological clock.
• Regulates whether people are awake or
sleepy at particular times of the day.
• Controls hormonal releases, body temp.,
and energy levels.
• Usually cycles over a 24-25 hour time
period.
Sleeping and Dreaming
• There are four stages
of non-REM sleep.
After being in stage 4,
you go back up through
the stages to get to
REM sleep, where
dreaming occurs.
– So, you go through
stage 1, 2, 3, 4, and
then back up through
stages 3 and 2. Instead
of going back to 1, REM
sleep occurs.
Non-REM Stages
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•
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•
Stage 1 – Hypnic jerk
Stage 2 – Sleep spindles
Stage 3 – Sleep spindles disappear.
Stage 4 – Delta Waves
REM Sleep
• First cycle of REM sleep about 10 minutes
• By the end of the night, REM may be up to
60 minutes.
• Usually dream about 90 minutes.
• As REM sleep increases during the night,
stage 3 & 4 sleep decrease.
During REM
1. Motor output is inhibited
2. Genitals aroused, even if dream not sexual
3. Everyone appears to dream but often dreams not
remembered.
– Vivid & story-like dreams occur
4. Hormones are released that influence the thinking
process and counteract fatigue, irritability, and
inattention
5. Sleep paralysis – the sleeper is unable to move any of
the body’s voluntary muscles, except those
controlling the eyes.
6. Body replenishes itself physically in several ways.
– For example, the pituitary gland releases growth
hormones, and body tissues are restored
Check for Understanding
• What is the correct order of sleep stages during
a typical night's sleep?
• Which of the following statements is true of REM
sleep?
– a.) REM periods become shorter and shorter as the
night goes on.
– b.) REM is known as "dream-free" sleep.
– c.) Motor output is inhibited during REM sleep.
– d.) Sexual arousal is rare during REM sleep.
B. Theories of Dreaming
• Sigmund Freud viewed dreams as wish fulfillment in which
the manifest content (the actual content) is a censored
version of the latent content (true meaning)
– Freud believed that when people were in conflict, if he
could uncover or get to the latent content, then he could
identify the person's problem and resolve their conflict.
• Activation-synthesis theory states that the dream story
results from the brains trying to interpret meaningless,
periodic, random neural firings occurring during REM.
Activity comes from the pons.
• Problem solving/information processing theory states that
dreams are caused by peoples reviewing problems they
faced during waking hours
– Reverse Learning - The brain sorts the information,
tosses out the things we don’t need, solidifies
experiences to keep.
Dream Interpretation
• All people dream; some remember their dreams,
at least from time to time. Many psychologists
believe that dreams have underlying symbolic
meaning, and provide clues to the workings of
the unconscious mind.
• Other psychologists believe that dreams are the
brain's way of processing and consolidating
information while we sleep. In any case, it's
interesting to remember your dreams, talk about
them, or even analyze them to see what they
might mea
Example
•
•
•
•
Think of a dream you had recently, one where
you still remember the details - write it down.
http://www.dreammoods.com/
Did you agree with the web site's interpretation
of your dream? Why or why not?
In general, do you believe that our dreams
have symbolic meaning? How do you tend to
use the information from dreams in your daily
life?
Check Your Understanding
• Psychoanalytic
Theory
• Information
Processing Theory
• Activation-Synthesis
• Manifest content
• Brain making sense
of random firings
• Unconscious wishes
and desires
• Reverse learning
• Brain sorts through
information
• Activity of the pons.
Sleep Disorders
Important to Remember
• Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, SIDS, Night Terrors,
Sleepwalking, Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Impact everyday life, such as in driving, in industrial
accidents, or even in family relationships.
• Being less alert and attentive, and more inclined to irritability
and altering moods can affect relationships with family,
friends, and co-workers.
– In fact, major industrial catastrophes, such as the Three
Mile Island incident, have been attributed to human error
that occurred during a time when the body is at its
sleepiest.
– The 7% rise in automobile accidents the day after Daylight
Savings Time "springs forward," and the congressional
request for the research project "NASA Ames Fatigue/Jet
Lag Program" are also indicators of the serious problems
arising from sleeplessness and sleep disorders.
The Big Four
1. Insomnia –
– Involves insufficient sleep, inability to fall asleep,
frequent arousals, or early awakenings.
2. Sleep Apnea
– A respiratory disorder in which the person intermittently
stops breathing several times while asleep.
3. Night Terrors
– Occur mainly in children and involve deep sleep
episodes that produce vivid and terrifying images that
are usually forgotten upon awakening.
4. Narcolepsy
–
Produces sudden daytime sleep attacks and is usually
accompanied by cataplexy (a sudden loss of muscle control)
Check Your Understanding
• Sleep Apnea
• Narcolepsy
• Insomnia
• Sudden attacks of
sleepiness
• Difficulty going to
sleep or staying
asleep
• Breathing stops
during sleep
Why should meditation promote feelings of well-being
and relaxation?
• Induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain
body positions, and minimizing external stimulation. It
produces relaxation and sense of well-being.
• Physiological effects: lowered activity of the sympathetic
nervous system
• Common bodily change: hypometabolism - lowered oxygen
consumption, in heart and respiration rates, and in carbon
dioxide production.
Drugs and Altered Consciousness
•
by altering the interaction between
neurotransmitters and receptors
– Agonists bind to the receptors and mimic
effects of normal neurotransmitters
– Antagonists bind to the receptors and
prevent the normal neurotransmitters from
binding
– Others increase or decrease the release of
specific neurotransmitters
Physical Dependence or Addiction
•
•
This is a physiological state in which
drug use is necessary to prevent a
withdrawal symptom
Withdrawal is painful and long – that is
why there is such a high rate of relapse
for drug users.
•
Tolerance
– This is a condition in which increasingly
large drug doses are necessary to achieve
the same effect
•
Psychological Dependence
– This is a condition in which the person
continues drug use despite adverse effects,
needs the drug for a sense of well being,
and is preoccupied with obtaining the drug if
it is no longer available
•
Learned Expectations Contribute to the
Effects of Many Drugs
– The power of suggestion and experience
Categories of drugs
• Depressants – inhibit GABA
• Stimulants – arouse the Sympathetic NS by
increasing norepinephrine
• Opiates – relieves pain control
• Psychedelics (or hallucinogenics) – Loss of
reality, serotonin agonist
• Know psychological v. physical dependence
Discussion Questions…
• Complete the questions thoroughly –
about 1 page per response.
• Use as many vocabulary as you can to
complete your responses.
• This can be used as your study guide for
the exam!!!