SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS
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Transcript SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS
SUBSTANCE USE
DISORDERS IN
PHYSICIANS
Christopher Welsh M.D.
University of Maryland
School of Medicine
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“WHY SHOULD I
STAY AWAKE?”
It might be my colleague
It might be my patient
It might be me
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KEY POINTS
SUDs similar to the general population
Benzodiazepines and opioids higher
Identification is often difficult and delayed
Treatment outcomes are often better
Impaired Physician Programs are helpful
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DEFINITIONS
Substance Use Disorders(SUDs)
DEPENDENCE
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Inability to cut down/control use
Considerable time spent using/obtaining/recovering
Important activities given up/reduced
Use despite negative consequences
ABUSE (less severe)
Failure to fulfill role obligations
Use in hazardous situations
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Recurrent, related legal problems Copyright Alcohol Medical Scholars Program
EPIDEMIOLOGY
VERY VARIABLE!!!!
Population studied
Methods used
Terminology
Diagnostic criteria
Changes over time?
Concern about anonymity
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
General
Similar rates of SUDs to general population
8-14%
Less SUDs compared to other occupations
Roofers, painters
Increased rates of use & SUDs with:
Benzodiazepines
Prescription opioids
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
Medical Students
Use begins prior to medical school
Types of drugs same as general pop.
Alcohol use & dependence variable
Drug use and dependence less
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
Residents
Rates of dependence:10-14%
Alcohol & illicit drug use begins prior
Benzo & opioid use begins during
Self-treatment
Self-prescribed
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
Practicing Physicians
Prevalence of dependence: 8-14%
Still means 60-75,000 affected M.D.s in U.S.!!!!
Use & misuse of prescription opioids
& benzodiazepines up to 5Xs higher
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
By Specialty
HIGHEST
LOWEST
Emergency Medicine
OB-GYN
Psychiatry
Pathology
Anesthesiology
Radiology
Pediatrics
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REASONS FOR USE
Recreational
Seen more in medical students
Performance Enhancement
Seen more in Emergency Medicine
Self-medication (pain, anxiety, “stress”)
Seen more in residents & attendings
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PROGRESSION
Family
Community
Finances
Spiritual/emotional
Physical health
Job performance
Often one of the last things affected
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CONTRIBUTING
FACTORS
Family History
Personality characteristics
Health/lifestyle
Stress???
Availability???
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IDENTIFICATION
Urine drug screening
Employment/school application
Physician screening
Impaired Physicians Programs
Reporting
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“WARNING SIGNS”
Isolation
Friction with colleagues
Disorganization
Inaccessibility
Frequent absences
Rounding on patients at odd hours
Inappropriate or forgotten orders
Slurred speech during off-hours calls
Prescriptions for family members
OD or suicide attempt
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WHY THE DELAY
IN DETECTION?
Independence
“Malignant denial”
“I can take care of myself”
“Knowledge is protective”
Fear of consequences
“Conspiracy of silence”
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“CONSPIRACY OF
SILENCE”
Reputation
Financial
Fear & intimidation
Professional pride
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REPORTING
Ethical obligation
Disabled Doctors Act
Federal law
Requirements vary by state
Protection from law suit varies
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TREATMENT
THE GOOD NEWS!!!
Variable data
Most show better outcomes
70-90% “success rate”
• little correlation with substance
• little correlation with specialty
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TREATMENT
Goals
Abstinence
Acceptance of chronic disease concept
Identification of triggers
Development of non-chemical coping
skills
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TREATMENT
Key Factors For Success
Duration of aftercare
Physician’s Health Program involvement
Family involvement
12-Step involvement
Witnessed urinalysis
Contingency contract
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TREATMENT
Stumbling Blocks
Uniqueness
Role-reversal
Over-identification w/ performance
Identification (by treatment provider)
Medical knowledge
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TREATMENT
Physician-specific
In-Patient
Talbott, Farley
12-Step
“Caduceus meetings”
Pros & Cons
Combined approaches
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“RE-ENTRY”
Most return to practicing medicine
Change to a less high-risk specialty
Imposed prescribing restrictions
Altered work schedule
Specialization in addictions
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“PREVENTION”
Medical school policies
Medical school education
State Impaired Physicians Programs
• Protect the public
• Provide “rehabilitation” (vs punishment)
JCAHO-mandated hospital programs
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KEY POINTS
A Review
SUDs similar to the general population
Benzodiazepines and opioids higher
Identification is often difficult and delayed
Treatment outcomes are often better
Physician Rehab Programs are our friends
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WHERE TO GET HELP
State Agency
#
School Resources
#
Your email address
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NURSES
Rates similar to general population
Higher use of benzodiazepines & opioids
more parenteral use
Higher in emergency room & critical care
Especially difficult to monitor
Watch for diversion
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DENTISTS
Less good data
More use of inhaled anesthetics
Possibly higher opioid use and SUDs
Related to higher suicide rate?
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PHARMACISTS
Estimates of dependence: 10-18%
Less parenteral use
@ 50% have used CS w/o script
@ 20% on regular basis
primarily self-medication
@ 60% of students have used CS w/o script
@ 40% on regular basis
primarily recreational
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VETERINARIANS
Little good data
More Ketamine use
Other higher-potency opioids
Inhaled anesthetics
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