Substance Abuse In Athletes
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Transcript Substance Abuse In Athletes
Substance Use In Athletes
Woodburne O. Levy, MD
Developed for the Alcohol Medical Scholars Program
INTRODUCTION
Major problems facing sport today
– Growing attention
– Deaths of elite athletes
– Increasing attention of media
Contrary to the ethical principles of athletic
competition
Wide spread among athletes
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DRUGS MISUSED BY ATHLETES
• Therapeutic drugs
– OTCs, diuretics, opioids, beta-blockers, etc.
Performance enhancing drugs
– Amphetamines, ephedrine, caffeine, anabolic
steroids, growth hormone, etc.
Drugs typically misused
– Alcohol, nicotine, marihuana, cocaine, etc.
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GOALS
Historical perspective
Factors influencing athletes to use drugs
Types of drugs athletes use- consequences
and myths
Preventing and treating drug use in athletes
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Historical perspective
Ancient civilizations
– Mushrooms, herbs, liquor
19th Century
– Alcohol, caffeine, nitroglycerine, opium,
strychnine, trimethyl
World War II
– Amphetamines, testosterone
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Historical perspective
Post war era
– Amphetamines continue
– Anabolic steroids
Newer agents
– Blood doping
– Erythropoietin
– Growth hormone
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Currently prohibited by IOC
Drugs
– Stimulants, opioids, anabolic agents, diuretics,
peptide hormones
Methods
– Blood doping, artificial oxygen administration,
plasma expanders, pharmacological, chemical
and physical manipulation
In certain circumstances
– Alcohol, cannabinoids, local anesthetics,
blockers
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What factors influences athletes?
Belief that competitors take drugs
Determination to do anything to win
Pressures from coaches, parents, peers
Community attitudes and expectations
Financial rewards
Media influence
Belief of enhanced performance
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THERAPEUTIC DRUGS
OTCs
– NSAIDs, laxatives, ephedrine, analgesics,
weight loss meds, corticosteroids, local
anesthetics
– Low potential for misuse
– Increased risk of further injury, GI bleed,
anemia, eating disorders
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THERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Diuretics
– Rapid weight loss
– Boxing, wrestling, judo
– Excretion or dilution of illegal substances
– Overall negative impact on performance
– Dehydration, hypotension, muscle cramps,
electrolyte imbalance
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THERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Opioids
– Prescription pain killers most common
– Allow performance while injured
– 75% used after injury only
– Increased risk of further injury, dependence,
drowsiness, mental clouding; in high doses:
respiratory depression, hypotension
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THERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Beta-Blockers
– Anti-tremor, anxiolytic effect
– Shooters, ski jumpers, archery
– Negative effect on endurance
– Depression, bronchospasm, fatigue
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PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
CNS Stimulants
– Amphetamines
Delay fatigue, increase alertness, enhance
speed, power, endurance, concentration
– Hypertension, angina, vomiting, abdominal
pain, cerebral hemorrhage, dependence, death
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PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
CNS Stimulants
– Caffeine
Shortened reaction time, improved
concentration, diuresis
Glycogen sparing leading to delayed fatigue
> 12 ug/mL is a positive urine per IOC
– Dyspepsia, cardiac damage, combination with
other stimulants (e.g. ephedrine) may be fatal
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PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Systemic stimulants
– Adrenalin
In local anesthetics
– Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine
Cold and allergy remedies
– Phenylpropanolamine
Diet pills
– Similar effects to the amphetamines in high doses
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PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Anabolic androgenic steroids
– Derivatives of testosterone
– First use generally later than other drugs
– Drug and method sought for maximum
anabolic and minimum androgenic properties
– Sprinting, weight lifting, body building
– Acne, abnormal LFTs, feminization,
virilization, premature closure of the epiphysial
plates, behavioral changes “roid rage”, CVAs,
cardiomyopathy
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PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Beta 2 agonists
– Isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine
– Sympathomimetic amines, anabolic properties
– Cardiac arrhythmias in overdose, headaches
Peptide hormones: HCG
– Increases testosterone
– Maintains testicular volume with anabolic
steroid use
– Ovarian cysts
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PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Pituitary and synthetic gonadotropins
– Increases testosterone, anti- estrogenic
– Ovarian cysts
Corticotropins
– Increase testosterone
– Rare and related to excess corticosteroids-
pituitary suppression, immunity,
osteoporosis, hyperglycemia
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PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Growth hormone
– Increase muscle mass & decrease fat mass
– Gigantism, acromegaly, hypothyroidism,
cardiac disease, myopathies, arthritis, diabetes
mellitus, impotence, osteoporosis
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PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Erythropoietin (EPO)
– Stimulates RBC production
– Increases oxygen carrying capacity
– CVAs
Blood doping
– RBC transfusion, artificial oxygen carriers
– Increases oxygen carrying capacity
– Allergic reactions, sludging of blood
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FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
Viewed as legal means of gaining edge
76-100% of athletes use vs. 50% general
population
May or may not contribute to enhanced
performance
– Creatine, colostrum, antioxidants, sodium
bicarbonate, vitamins, proteins, amino acids
– Adverse effects not investigated
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TYPICAL DRUGS OF MISUSE
Most common: marijuana, cocaine, alcohol
Generally have negative effect on performance
Substance misuse same in college athletes vs. nonathletes
Decrease in use of marijuana, amphetamines and
cocaine, but increase in smokeless tobacco use,
1985-1996
Most drugs first used in junior or senior high
school (for recreation not performance)
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TYPICAL DRUGS OF MISUSE
Alcohol
– Most frequently used
– Negative impact on reaction time, hand-eye
coordination, balance, strength
– Excessive heat production and dehydration
– Cardiovascular and GI complications,
nutritional deficiencies, dependence
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TYPICAL DRUGS OF MISUSE
Cocaine
– Minimal performance enhancing effect
– Heightened arousal and increased alertness
with low doses
– Over confidence leading to increased risk of
injury
– MI, CVA, seizures, arrhythmias, dependence
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TYPICAL DRUGS OF MISUSE
Cannabinoids
– Most frequent illegal drug used in the US
– Male athletes have higher incidence than
non-athletic peers (opposite for females)
– Initial use in high school
– Psychomotor impairment, distorted
perception, amotivational syndrome;
decreased testosterone with long-term use
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TYPICAL DRUGS OF MISUSE
Nicotine
– Majority use in form of smokeless tobacco
– Males >> females
– 52% of baseball players, 26% of varsity football
players used smokeless tobacco (early 1990s
California college survey)
– Highest risk for baseball players
– Cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, oral
cancers, dependence
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PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
Drug testing
– Commonplace in amateur and professional
sports
– 65% of college athletes agree with testing
– 37% agreed that positive should result in
disqualification
– 67% of college athletes believe that drug testing
deters drug use
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DRUG PROGRAMS
Administered by leagues and associations
(NCAA, NFL, NBA)
– Responsible for relevant events, fairness,
quality of competition, safety, image of their
athletes and events
– Deter use by testing and discipline
– Some include evaluation and treatment
– Coaches can discourage use
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DRUG PROGRAMS
Identify individuals with drug problem to
facilitate treatment
Keys to successful drug program:
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–
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–
–
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Inclusion of all involved parties
Reliable and sensitive testing program
Consistent discipline
Evaluation of effectiveness
Confidentiality
Early prevention
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CHALLENGES
Most drugs not prescribed
Viewed as essential for success
Easy access to drugs
Physician dilemma/role
– Monitoring side effects
– Why?, discuss pro/cons, appraisal, explore
options
Need for collaboration
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SUMMARY
Substance use in athletes dates to ancient
times
Multiple factors why athletes use drugs
Types of drugs used range from therapeutic
and performance enhancing to typical drugs
of misuse
Programs are in place to address drug use in
athletes
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