Transcript Learning and Environment

Learning and Environment
Factors in the Environment
• Community
• Family
• School
• Peers
Community
• Economics
• Crime
• School Support
• Exposure to Violence
Poverty
• Lifting children out of
poverty can diminish
some psychiatric
symptoms.
• Decline in rates of deviant
and aggressive behaviors
linked to rise in incomes.
E. Jane Costello.
Poverty
• Moving out of poverty
– Decrease in frequency of
psychiatric symptoms
– Little effect anxiety and
depression observed
• Adding to the income
of never-poor families
had no effect on
frequency of
– Strongest for behavioral
psychiatric symptoms
symptoms (CD, ODD)
– Mediated by one factor:
level of parental
supervision
Family
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SES
Family Size
Parent Education
Parent
Psychopathology
• Siblings
• Alcohol / Drug Use
• Abuse
Family
• Maltreatment Types
– Physical Maltreatment (punishment,
abuse, family violence)
– Sexual Abuse
– Psychological Maltreatment
(Neglect, emotional abuse, poor
caretaking)
• Predictive of other maltreatment
• Negative family background strong
predictors of:
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level of physical abuse
psychological maltreatment
neglect
witnessing family violence
Adjustment
• The nature of the family environment contributed to
adjustment (positive or maladjustment)
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Insecurity
Fragmentation
Poor parental relationships during childhood
Alcohol / drug abuse
Parent psychopathology
• Specific maltreating behaviors have an immediate
impact on children’s well-being
• Chronic aspects of the dysfunctional environment (e.g.,
parental attitudes and family dynamics) associated with
the long-term adjustment problems of adults.
Negative/Positive Parenting
• Ineffective or uncaring parenting was a powerful
predictor of adult failure (Doll and Lyon, 1998)
• Differentiation among positive parenting,
parental involvement, poor monitoring and
supervision, inconsistent discipline and corporal
punishment
– The negative, but not the positive, scales were found
to be predictive of behavior problems in children
– Positive parenting not evaluated as a moderator
between negative parenting and behavior problems
(Frick, 1994; Shelton et al., 1996)
Schools
• Quality
• Approach to Troubling
Behavior
• High Suspension /
Low Suspension
• Academic
Opportunities
• Level of Engagement
• Available Services
Reading and EBD
• Well documented link between reading problems,
conduct disorders, and delinquency problems, (Hinshaw
& Hinshaw, 1992; Kazdin, 1987)
• 71% of children with EBD experience clinically significant
language deficits (Benner, Nelson, Epstein, 2002)
• 57% of students with language deficits experience EBD
(Benner, Nelson, Epstein, 2002)
PBIS
• Utilize three-tiered system
– School-wide
– Classroom
– Individual
• Based on sound hypothetical interventions
• Spurious findings on effectiveness
– Why???????
Peers
• Availability of Positive
Peer Interactions
• Adequate Supervision of
Peer Relations
• Exposure to Deviant
Peers
• Reliance on Friendships
Peers and Internalization
• 305 adolescents with no mutual friends, nondeviant friends, or deviant friends at age 13
• Adolescents with deviant friends
– More delinquent than the other 2 groups
– Similar levels of depression as friendless youth
– Less lonely than friendless youth
• Friendships with deviant peers may protect
against complete isolation / loneliness
Risk Factors
• Cumulative risk factors
– Increase in juvenile court petitions
– Decrease in high school or GED completion
– Increased risk of delinquency
– Increased psychopathology
– Increased Risk of incarceration
– Increased risk of unemployment
– Increased risk of substance abuse
Protective Factors
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Preschool intervention
Parent participation in early school experiences
Ability to be task oriented
Increased Supervision
Academic Success
Nurturing home environment
Positive school environment
Other Adults
Community
Other Adults
Home
Parents
Siblings
BEHAVIOR
Peers
Individual
Teachers
School
Staff