Transcript Sexually Transmitted Diseases

UNIT 4
PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Sexually transmitted diseases can be
physically and emotionally devastating for
women, so information about the prevention,
signs, symptoms, and treatment of these
diseases is imperative.
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CHLAMYDIA
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Most common STD in the U.S.
Females outnumber males 6 to 1
Now can be reported
Bacteria chlamydia trachomatis
Cervix is site of infection caused by SI
Most women are asymptomatic until the pain and fever from PID occur
If symptomatic - discharge, painful urination, lower abdominal pain,
bleeding, fever and nausea
Complications include; cervicitis, infertility, chronic pain, salpingitis,
ectopic pregnancies, stillbirths, reactive arthritis,
Antibiotics are used for treatment either 7 day or a single dose
Despite better screening procedures, treatment compliance is difficult
to ensure
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GONORRHEA
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Mucus membranes affected include: vagina, cervix, anus, throat,
eyes
Bacteria neisseria gonorrhea organism attacks cervix as first site
of infection
Symptoms are thick discharge, burning urination, SI, BMs, and
severe menstrual or abdominal cramps
10 to 40 percent women develop PID
Couples must abstain for effective healing
Antibiotics are used for treatment
Untreated gonorrhea can result in arthritis, dermatitis, and
tenosynivitis
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SYPHILIS
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Spreads throughout the body within hours of infection
Caused by bacteria treponema pallidum
Transmitted primarily through SI but also from infected mother to
fetus
Appearance of red or brown painless sore on mouth, fingers,
reproductive organs in primary syphilis
Appearance of rash on palms, soles, looks like eczema, psoriasis,
measles or sunburn and flu like symptoms or mononucleosis in
secondary syphilis
Destructive lesions, organ destruction, meningitis, and linkage to HIV
because open sores remove the virus barrier and carry mononuclear
cells that easily draw HIV in tertiary syphilis phase
Penicillin therapy used for treatment
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HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
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One of a family of common viruses including varicella
zoster virus(chicken pox and shingles) and Epstein
Barr (mononucleosis)
Contagious viral infection that spreads from direct
skin to skin contact of two
infected partners,
particularly in the oral and genital areas
HSV-1 in form of cold sores, fever blisters, primarily
around the mouth affects @ 80 % of all adults
HSV-2 genital herpes infects 1 in 6 adults
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HSV 2
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Symptoms vary from one individual to another
Active phase may include itching, burning, swelling, and flu like
symptoms
Appearance of small painful blisters on genitals rupture, crust
over and heal
Virus travels down nerve to ganglia near spine & remains
dormant until another outbreak and virus travels up nerve to
skin
Control efforts for HSV 2 are difficult because 75% are unaware
they are infected
There is no cure for HSV2, the drug acyclovir is prescribed for
minimizing the discomfort
Sexual activity should be avoided when sores are active
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HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
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HPV refers to a group of over 70 different types of
viruses 1/3 of which cause genital problems
Found in @40% of sexually active women in there
20’s
A small percentage develop genital warts which can
lead to a precancerous condition that shows on an
abnormal Pap
Genital warts or condyloma are usually spread by
direct contact on vaginal and/or anal areas
Warts remain undetected when located inside vagina,
cervix or anus
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HPV
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Warts can be small to large, raised to flat, or single to
clustered
There is no cure for HPV although lesions can be
removed
Methods include: cryotherapy, chemicals, and laser
therapy
HPV is associated with cervical cancer or cervical
dysplasia
Early detection reduces mortality
Also linked to cancers of the oral cavity etc.
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HEPATITIS B VIRUS
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Viral infection causing inflammation of the liver
Transmission is similar to HIV
Through bloodborne pathogens, unprotected SI,
Tattoos, ear piercings,nonmedication injections of
vitamins, minerals, or steroids and acupuncture
HBV is more easily transmitted than HIV and is 100Xs
more contagious
Nearly 95 % of persons with HBV recover
Vaccination for HBV recommended for college age
students and allied health personnel
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HBV
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Persons at highest risk
for contacting HBV include:
Hemodialysis patients
Injectable drug users
Health care workers
Infants born to HBV infected
mothers
Gay men
Sexually active heterosexuals
In groups:
Alaska natives
Pacific Islanders
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Asians
International travelers to
high incidence areas
Recognizing risk factors for
HBV is important
More that 1/3 of adults with
HBV have no risk factors
Hepatitis virus is present in
all body fluids
Severe HBV includes
jaundice and may result in
prolonged illness or death
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PELVIC INFLAMMATORY
DISEASE
PID is one of the most severe outcomes of STD
infections
 It is an infection of the upper portion of the female
reproductive tract beyond cervix
 Symptoms include: severe pelvic pain, high fever,
chills, nausea, vomiting, spotting and discharge
 One million are diagnosed each year and @ 150,000
will become infertile
 Nearly 250,000 require hospitalization and antibiotics
 Invasive procedures are complex for correct
diagnosis
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TRANSMITTED DISEASES
PID
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More women are being treated on an outpatient basis
aged 15-44
Better screening for chlamydia
PID is diagnosed through a pelvic exam, analysis of
cervical or vaginal secretions
Treatment includes antibiotics, rest and sexual
abstinence
Surgery may be required to remove any scars or
abscesses or to repair injured reproductive organs
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LOCALIZED PID
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Salpingitis- infection of the fallopian tubes
Oophoritis - infection of the ovaries
Peritonitis - infection of the lining of the
abdominal cavity
Endometritis - infection of the lining of the
uterus
Myometritis - infection of the muscular layers
of the uterus
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VAGINITIS
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One in ten women who visit wheir health-care
provider complain about vaginal discharge
Over 90% of vaginitis is classified as:
Trichomoniasis-caused by 1 celled protozoa
Bacterial vaginosis
Candidiasis - yeast , fungus infection, monila
usually not sexually transmitted
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SYMPTOMS OF BV
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Affect women with multiple sex partners
Discharge is white and ordorus
Associated with;
Cervicitis,
PID
Postpartum endometritis
Premature labor
Recurring urinary tract infections
Treatment is 7-day antibiotic regimen or single dose
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TRICHOMONIASIS
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One celled parasite
Found in both men and women
Remains dormant in asymptomatic women
Causes vaginal irritation, itching, and diffuse
malodorous discharge in symptomatic women
Women may see red spots on the vaginal walls
Strawberry uterus
Most men are a symptomatic
Both partners must be treated with antibiotics
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CANDIDIASIS
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Not a sexually transmitted disease
Candida is the term for a single celled fungus which
causes the yeast infection
Symptoms include itching, discharge, burning, or
irritation
Pregnant women commonly experience yeast
infections
Factors most often associated with repeat infections:
diabetes, obesity, suppressed immunity, antibiotics,
corticosteroids, or birth control pills
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ACQUIRED IMMUNE
DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
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AIDS is the third leading cause of death
among all women between 15-44
Worldwide, women constitute @40% of all
HIV positive cases
The majority of women who contract AIDS
are heterosexual, injecting drug users,
hemophiliacs,
World Health Org. estimated that more
women than men will contract AIDS by 2000
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DEFINING HIV/AIDS
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Human immunodeficiency virus HIV is the
organism that causes AIDS
Majority of AIDS victims will die
The abnormal state of the immune system is
not capable of properly fighting foreign
invaders- less than 200 T-lymphocytes
AIDS includes pulmonary TB, recurrent
pneumonia, and invasive cervical cancer
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CONTRACTING AIDS
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HIV is carried from one person to another through blood, semen
and vaginal secretions
Transmitted through: sexual contact
Sharing injecting drug needles
From infected mother to infant during childbirth
Anyone receiving a blood transfusion after 1985 is virtually free
from HIV transmission
HIV is not transmitted through causal contact, tears or saliva
Women are facing an ever increasing risk from contact with
bisexual or heterosexual men
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SYMPTOMS OF HIV
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Symptoms of AIDS may be similar to other diseases
Difference is that they take longer to disappear and or may
recur
Common early symptoms include:
Night sweats
Rapid weight loss without diet or exercise
Diarrhea lasting longer than several weeks
Thick white spots coating the mouth
A dry cough and shortness of breath
Purple bumps on skin, in mouth, and rectum
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DIAGNOSIS OF HIV
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Two tests are used for diagnosis:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
E L I S A test- a general screening with a high sensitivity
Western blot test, a less sensitive, more expensive but more
specific test for the HIV antibody
A women must wait @ a month from the time of suspected
exposure before getting tested
It takes @ 45 days between exposure and body’s building
enough antibodies for detection
Experts recommend two sets of tests @ 6 months apart
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TESTING PROCEDURES
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If a person tests positive for the HIV antibody with
the ELISA test, a second ELISA test is conducted on
the same person
If the second test is positive, the Western blot test is
conducted
If the Western blot test is positive, the person is said
to be HIV-positive
Nearly 90% of the low- risk persons who test positive
on the ELISA test will test negative on the Western
blot - results take @ a week for reporting
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HOME HIV TESTS
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FDA approved home HIV tests
Center on disease control, CDC, estimates that nearly
60% of Americans at risk have not been tested
Reasons for not testing include lack of anonymity and
potential loss of health insurance benefits
These tests may encourage people at risk to seek
testing
Early detection leads to early treatment
The test kits are available through pharmacies
nationwide
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TREATMENT OF HIV
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Drug treatment typically focuses on reducing
the virus or reinforcing the immune system
Combinations of drugs are often used to
impact the HIV virus at its various stages
The virus is minimized in many different ways
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HIV AND CHILDREN
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Cases of HIV in young children continue to rise as the
rate of infection among heterosexual women of
childbearing age rises
All HIV positive pregnant women in the study were
administered AZT as well as their infants for the first
6 weeks after birth
Determining an infant’s HIV status after birth is
difficult because a mother’s antibodies may remain in
the infant’s system for several months
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PREVENTION STRAGETIES
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Sexual abstinence is the only 100% effective
method to prevent sexually transmitted
diseases
Monogamy reduces the number of sexual
partners over one’s lifetime
Choosing a partner who has had fewer sexual
partners
Male condoms are one of the most effective
methods for preventing STD’s
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