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Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
RNA structure
Single-stranded (ss) RNAs
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
RNA structure - rRNA
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
RNA structure - tRNA
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemistry - denaturation
_______________
No covalent bonds broken
__________________
QUICK
SLOW
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Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemistry - denaturation
High temp/pH
No covalent bonds broken
Normal temp/neutral pH
QUICK
SLOW
Normal temp/neutral pH
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemistry - denaturation
Lowest absorption of UV light
HYPOCHROMIC EFFECT decrease in absorption as you go from

(can monitor transition from ds to ss)
Lower absorption of UV light than
free nucleotides

Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemistry - denaturation
Lowest absorption of UV light
HYPOCHROMIC EFFECT -
free nt (highest UV absorption) ssDNA  dsDNA (lowest UV absorption)
(can monitor transition from ds to ss)
Lower absorption of UV light than
free nucleotides
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
related to absorption
Chemistry - heat denaturation
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemistry - denaturation
Electron microscopy
Sequencing
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
3’
2’
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Sequencing
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Biosynthesis and Degradation
Biosynthesis:
De novo pathways - uses ________________________________
(AAs, ribose 5-phosphate, CO2, NH3)
Salvage pathways - ____________________________ released
from nucleic acid breakdown
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Biosynthesis and Degradation
Biosynthesis:
De novo pathways - uses metabolic precursors (AAs, ribose 5phosphate, CO2, NH3)
Salvage pathways - recycle free bases and nucleosides released
from nucleic acid breakdown
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Biosynthesis:
De novo pathways
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Biosynthesis:
De novo pathways - regulation
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Degradation:
Allopurinol
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Degradation:
Deficiency in adenosine deaminase (causes ADA deficiency)
Cannot break down adenosine, so it builds up, also [dATP] builds up
dATP is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, high [dATP] causes
general deficiency of other dNTPS in lymphocytes
Poor development of T and B lymphocytes, ineffective immune system
Leads to severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS), also
called “bubble boy” disease
First gene therapy for ADA
Elevated uric acid in blood
Caused by deficiency of one of purine metabolic enzymes
Causes gout
Uric acid causes inflammation of joints, problems in kidneys
Treatment = Drug allopurinol, which is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase
(enzyme that catalyzes step that makes uric acid)
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemotherapeutic drugs
Cancer cells grow rapidly, so they are in constant need of nucleotides
Cancer cells more sensitive than normal cells to inhibitors of nucleotide
biosynthesis
Analogs of glutamine
Used in de novo synthesis
Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids
Chemotherapeutic drugs
Target enzymes