Transcript There is order in the world if we can discover it. There

WHO Collaborating Centre for
International Drug Monitoring
Mohamed Farah
the Uppsala Monitoring Centre
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WHO Drug Monitoring
Programme
Founding Members 1968
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WHO Collaborating Centre
the Uppsala Monitoring Centre
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established as a foundation 1978
based on agreement Sweden – WHO
international administrative board
WHO Headquarters responsible for
policy
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Signalling Procedure
What should be achieved?
• Signals should not be missed
• Signals should be found early
• ‘False’ signals should be kept to a
minimum
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Process for joining WHO
Programme
1. Ministry of
Health (or
equivalent)
designates
National Centre
Ministry of Health
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National
Centre
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2. Ministry of Health sends
formal application to WHOHQ, Geneva
3. National Centre sends
sample reports to the UMC
4. UMC notifies WHO-HQ
that reports are compatible
5. WHO-HQ advises Ministry of
Health of admittance to the
Programme
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the UMC
WHO-HQ
Geneva
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TOP 10 COUNTRIES
OTHERS 11%
NLD 2%
THA 2%
SWE 3%
ESP 3%
USA 46%
FRA 4%
AUS 5%
CAN 5%
DEU 6%
GBR 13%
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Cumulative Number of Reports per Year in Vigibase
April 2004
3 500 000
3 000 000
# Reports
2 500 000
2 000 000
1 500 000
1 000 000
500 000
0
1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Year
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Flow of information
Medical practice
National Centres
Manufacturers
WHO Collaborating
Centre (UMC)
WHO Headquarters
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Classification of Herbal medicines
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A plant needs a name that applies to
it and only to it, and which means
the same thing to everyone in the
world.
• genus name tells a plant’s closest relatives
• specific epithet tells which species it is
• authority tells who first descovered the plant
Example: Pimpinella major (L.) Hudson
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A universal nomenclature for crude
drugs, applicable all over the world,
could consist of the scientific plant
name together with the English
name of the plant part.
• The reason why common names are not
reliable is that they may lead to more than one
Accepted botanical name.
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What is ‘Aloe’
Vernacular name
Accepted scientific binomial
American Aloe
Agave americana L.
Candelabra Aloe
Aloe arborescens Mill.
Water- Aloe
Stratiotes aloides L.
Cape Aloe
Aloe ferox Mill.
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Common names
Aloe vera (L.)
Barbados aloe
Curacao aloe
Medicinal aloe
True aloe
West indian aloe
Aloes vulgaire
Echte aloe
Venezuela-aloe
Babosa
Acibar
Savila
Aloe ferox Mill.
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ENG
ENG
ENG
ENG
FRE
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POR
SPA
SPA
Cape aloe
True aloe
Echte Aloë
Bitterschopf
Acibar
Zabila
Aloés vrai
Aloés officinal
Aloè
Aloe africana
Aloe del Capo
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ENG
ENG
GER
GER
SPA
SPA
FRE
FRE
ITA
ITA
ITA
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.
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Aloe barbadensis Mill.
Aloe chinensis (Haw.) Bak.
Aloe elongate Murray
Aloe indica Royle
Aloe littoralis Koen.ex Bak
Aloe officinalis Forssk.
Aloe rubescens DC.
Aloe spicata Baker
Aloe vera var. perfoliata L.
Aloe vulgaris Garsault
Aloe vulgaris Lam.
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Aloe ferox Mill.
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Aloe horrida Haw.
Aloe pseudoferox Salm-Dyck
Aloe subferox Spreng.
Pachidendron ferox Haw.
Pachydendron ferox Humb. & Bonpl.
Pachydendron supralaeve Haw.
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Different authors of the same genus
and species
• Aloe angustifolia Salm-Dvck -- Obs. 57. (IK)
• Aloe angustifolia Haw -- Suppl. Pl. Succ. 47 (1819). (IK)
• Aloe angustifolia Groenewald -- in Fl. Pl. S. Afr. 1938, xviii. t.
708. (IK)
• Aloe agavefolia Tod. -- Hort. Bot. Panorm. i. 85. t. 23. (IK)
• Aloe agavefolia Schweinf. ex Penz. -- in Atti Congr. bot. Genova
(1892) 365, nomen. (IK)
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Ma Huang 麻 黃 (Ephedra Herba)
• Ephedra sinica Stapf
Ma Huang 麻 黃
• Ephedra equisetina Bunge
Ma Huang 麻 黃
• Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex Mey. Ma Huang 麻 黃
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Botanical Classification
WHO database Classification
Aesculus hippocastanum L., leaf
Aesculus hippocastanum L., bark
Aesculus hippocastanum L., seed
Aesculus hippocastanum L., flower
Synonyms
Aesculus procera Salisb.
Aesculus castanea Gelib
Hippocastanum aesculus Cav
Hippocastanum vulgare Gaert
Accepted scientific plant name
Aesculus hippocastanum L.
Pharmaceutical latin name
Flos Hippocastani
Folium Hippocastani
Cortex Hippocastani
Semen Hippocastani
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Common names
Suo Lou Zi
Rosskastanie
Marron d’Inde
Horse chestnut
Morrone amaro
Botanical Classification
Accepted scientific name (UMC)
Aesculus hippocastanum L.
Aesculus hippocastanum L., leaf
Aesculus hippocastanum L., leaf extract
Aesculus hippocastanum L., bark
Aesculus hippocastanum L., seed
Aesculus hippocastanum L., seed extract
Aesculus hippocastanum L., root
Aesculus hippocastanum L., tincture
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Botanical Classification
Aesculus hippocastanum L.
Botanical synonyms
Aesculus castanea Gilib
Aesculus procera Salisb.
Hippocastanum aesculus Cav.
Hippocastanum vulgare Gaerthn
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Botanical Classification
Aesculus hippocastanum L.
Pharmaceutical latin names
Folia Hippocastani
Hippocastani folium
Extractum Horse chestnut
Cortex Hippocastani
Semen Hippocastani
Extractum semen Hippocastani
Tinctura Hippocastani
Radix Hippocastani
Flos Hippocastani
Flores Hippocastani
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Botanical Classification
Aesculus hippocastanum L.
Common (Vernacular) names
Buckeye -- Buckeye bark -- Spanish chestnut --Horse chestnut
Suo Lou Zi -- 娑羅子 -- Castan -- Chata -- Conqueror tree --Karu
Ippocastano --- Marrone amaro --- Castagno (Marrone) d’India
Rosskastanie --- Rosskastanienblätter --- ‫الكستناء‬
Vixirrinde --- Rosskastanienrinde --- Atkestanesi
Castagna cavallina --- Seiyo-tochinoki --- Seiyo-Toti-No-Ki
Castaño de India --- Eschilo --- Paarde Kastanje
Châtegne de cheval --- Écorce de marronier d’Inde
Marron d’Inde --- Marronier d’Inde
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WHO herbal ADR database
Herbal Code Number (HCN)
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one unique number exist for each herbal substance
But the HCN
always begins with a ’9’ and (10) digits
Possible link all herbal substances of the same plant by
linking first 5 digits.
eg. Valeriana officinalis L.
9005100000
• Valeriana officinalis L. root
9005100500
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9005100502
Valeriana officinalis L. root dry extract
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Herbal New Entry Table
Yucca Fil. Fol. Extr ?
Yucca filamentosa leaf extract
Yucca filamentosa Riddell (GCI)
Yucca filamentosa Wood -- in Proc. Acad. Sc.
Philad. (1868) 167. (IK)
Yucca filamentosa L. -- Sp. Pl. 319 (1753). (IK)
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Herbal New Entry Table
Astragalus ?
Astragalus abbreviatus Kar. & Kir.
Astragalus abolinii Popov
Astragalus aboriginorum Richards. Astragalus abramovii Gontsch.
Astragalus abruptus Krytzka
Astragalus acanthocarpus Bor.
Astragalus accidens S. Wats.
Astragalus accumbens Sheld.
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Herbal New Entry Table
Echinacea dry extract
Echinacea angustifolia DC.
Echinacea atrorubens Nutt.
Echinacea laevigata (C.L.
Boynt. & Beadle) Blake
Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.
Echinacea purpurea (L.)
Moench
Echinacea simulata R.L. McGregor
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Common names ?
Dong Quai root
Dong Quia root
Jinyinhua
Di Long
Shudihuang
Shanzhuyu
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Shengjiang
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Pharmaceutical latin names
Three flowers tea-mixture
• Active ingredients
Robiniae flos
Althaeae folium
Juglandis folium
Centaurii herba
Millefolii herba
Coriandri fructus
Foeniculi fructus
Frangulae cortex
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Source of pharmaceutical drugs for
major pathologies
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Examples of plants
Taxus
Taxus baccata L.
2. Sources of pharmaceutical drugs for
major pathologies
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Examples of plants
Taxus
Catharanthus
Catharanthus roseus (L.) Don
Sources of pharmaceutical drugs for
major pathologies
Examples of plants
Taxus
Catharanthus
Papaver somniferum L.
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Papaver
Papaver
C
Herbal terminology used for ATC
• Properties: Adaptogens
Herbs that build resistance to stress.
Uses: To support endocrine glands, especially adrenal
exhaustion. Support the immune system and nervous
systems
• Properties: Cardiotonics
Stimulates or effects the heart.
Uses: Hypertension, Hyperthyroidism,
Arteriosclerosis, Angina etc.
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Herbal ATC assignments
Adonis vernalis L.
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(PhytoCD) Adonidis herba
Effects: Positively inotropic
Usage: Mild impairment of heart functions, especially when accompanied by nervous
symptoms. In Russian folk medicine the drug is used for dehydration, cramps, fever,
and menstrual disorders.
THE COMPLETE GERMAN COMMISSION E MONOGRAPHS
Uses Mild impairment of heart function, especially when accompanied by nervous
symptoms
Actions Positively inotropic
(MARTINDALE)
Profile: Adonis vernalis, contains cardiac glycosides which have actions similar to
those of digoxin. Adonis vernalis is used in herbal and homoeopathic medicine.
Trease and Evans
Adonis vernalis contains more than 30 cardiolides, acting similarly to those of
strophanthus.
Merck Index Therapeutic categories: Cardiotonic
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Herbal ATC assignments
Adonis vernalis L.
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Adonis vernalis L., herb
Adoniside
Cardiotonic
Heart condition
Positive correlation between the traditional use of the
plant and the current therapeutic use of the chemical
extracted from the plant
HC01AX Other cardiac glycosides
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Thank you for your attention!
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