Transcript NUTRACEUTICALS

NUTRACEUTICALS
‘Let Food be Your
Medicine’
DEFINITION
Other words used in the context:
Dietary supplementation, Functional, Multifunctional Foods
 coined from “Nutrition” & “Pharmaceutical” in 1989 by
Stephen DeFelice,MD, Founder and Chairman of the
Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM).
 Nutraceutical can be defined as
“ A food or part of food or nutrient, that provides
health benefits, including the prevention and
treatment of a disease.”
E.g. OF FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
Class /
components
Source
Potential
benefit
1. Fatty acids
CLA
Milk & Meat
Improve body
composition,
reduce cancers
ω-3 FA(DHA,
EPA)
Fish oils,
Reduce CVD &
berseem & maize improve mental,
fodder,mustard,li visual function
nseed,rapeseed
2. Polyphenols
Anthocyanidin
Fruits
Catechins
Tea,babul
pods,mustard
cake,rape seed
Nutralises free
radicals, reduce risk
of cancer
Flavonone
Flavones
Citrus Fruits,
vegetables,soya
bean
proanthocyanidin
•Cocoa,
chocolate,tea,rape
Reduce CVD
Lipids
 Fats are highly concentrated sources of energy for
body.
 Saturated fatty acids
 Monosaturated (MFA)
 Polyunsaturated PUFA
 Saturated fats- animal based pdts
Lipids…
 MFA&PUF – plant origin
 Trans fatty acids are pdts of partial
hydrogenation of PU fats and are typically
solids at room temperature.
 MFA&PUFA do not promote formation of
the fatty deposits that can clog the arteries
Lipids…
 Saturated FA—palmitic, lauric, myristic acids
are major cholesterol-elevating fatty acids in
our diets.
 Eskimos –diet rich in cholesterol + fat—free
from heart diseases
 Fish rich linolenic acid, found in fish +
soyabean oils
 linoleic acid –corn, soy bean oils
Linolenic acid- Omega 3
Linolenic acid (18:3n-3)- 18C, 3 double bonds, the
1st being at C-3 from the methyl end.
CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7
COOH
 precursor of :
- Eicosapentaenoic acid -EPA (20:5n-3)
docosahexaenoic acid - DHA (22:6n-3)
 heart and brain & nerve function
Linoleic acid - Omega 6
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
(18: 2n-6)
- precursor of arachidonic acid
 Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes
 immunosuppressive effects and mediate
inflammatory responses
 platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
CHOLESTEROL
 cell membranes, brain and nerve tissues, steroidal
hormones, bile acids.
 Transported in bloodstream as a complex with molecules
of proteins and fats, called lipoproteins.
 Cholesterol is transported by both LOW DENSITY
LIPOPROTEINS (LDLs) – most common and HIGH
DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDLs)
 High levels of LDLs in the blood stream can lead to fatty
plaque deposits on arteries and can predispose a person to
have a heart attach (Bad cholesterol)
VITAMINS
 Needed in small quantities
 Fat soluble: A,D,E,K
 Vit. A antioxidant – nightblindness
 Vit. D helps in bone strength.
 Water soluble- see later.
Vitamin E and C
 -Potent antioxidants
 retard artery clogging and open them.
 Help stop bad cholesterol (LDL, low-density
lipoprotein) from being oxidised or turned rancid,
Probiotics
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promote the growth of “friendly” bacteria, which help,
fight diseases.
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Lactobacillus acidophillus: Acidophyllus type support
healthy bacteria for small intestine.
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Bifidobacterium bifidum: Bifidobacteria support healthy
bacteria for large intestine.
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Enhance the immune function.
Probiotics cont.
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Probiotics given to women around the time of
childbirth could protect children from atopic
eczema for up to 4 yrs.
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Controlling diarrhoea in children
Offset S/E’s of antibiotics
Ease symptoms of lactose intolerance.
Sources: Sour milk, yoghurt, Yeast (Saccharomyces
spp)
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Glucosamine
 -Glucosamine (an amino-sugar) is a nutrient found in very
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small amounts in foods
necessary for the formation of cartilage, connective tissue
and synovial fluid.
-Useful in osteoarthritis, joint/connective tissue injury
Glucosamine – chondroitin combination
chondroitin -Naturally occurring sub that inhibit the
enzymes that degrade cartilage
draws fluid into cartilage thereby preventing it from
premature degeneration
also acts as a building blocks for the creation of healthy
new cartilage
Centella asiatica, Umbelliferae
 Gotu kola, Herba centella, Hydrocotyle.
Indian pennywort
 Herbal tea
 Asiaticoside + derivatives of ursenoic acid.
 polyacetylenic cpds,
 flavone derivatives
 In animal experiments they promote
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Thickening of skin
Increase local leucocytosis
Increase vascularization of connective tissue
Increase mucus secretion, hair and nail growth
Uses supported by clinical data
 Rx wounds, burns and ulcerous skin ailments and
prevention of keloids and hypertrophic scars
 2nd & 3rd degree burns
 Topically to accelerate healing, particularly in cases of
chronic post surgical and post trauma wounds
 Rx of vein and skin disorders and in
specific cosmetic products.
 wound healing and tissue microcirculation
and counteract such harmful venous
processes as hemorrhoids and varices.
Evening Primrose Oil
 -Fixed oil from seeds of Oenothera biennis
(Onagraceae)
 -Contains substancial amounts of esterified linolenic
acid
 -LA + 2 carbons gives arachidonic acid which is an
immediate precursor of some prostaglandins.
Evening Primrose Oil..
 -Cosmetic purposes to improve skin, hair, and nails
 -treatment atopic eczema and pre-menstrual
syndrome
 Popular with women as an aid in regulating the
menstrual cycle.
 -Diabetic neuropathy
 -Rheumatoid arthritis
ALOE
The main commercial spp Aloe ferox.
 Over 50 species e.g. A. secundiflora, A. kendogenis,
A. rabaiensis, A. tugensis, A. elgonica, A.
nyeriensis, A. keniense, A. deserti, A. ukambensis
 Parts used: juice, transparent gel from leaves.
Aloe images
Aloe cont.
 Constituents: AQ glycosides, polysaccharides
 Properties: Stress relief & suppression of peptic ulcers,
 Treatment of radiation burns, wounds, skin ulcers.
 Cosmetic skin prepns; eczema,
 -Arthritis, diabetes, HIV/AIDS?
 burns and skin irritations
 Laxative
 Caution: juice should not be taken in pregnancy.
GINSENG
 Panax ginseng
 Used for centuries as a cure-all and tonic for the body.
 Traditional Chinese medicine for maintaining physical
and mental balance in human body.
 Is an adaptogen = ‘harmony drug”
 constituents: Saponins -ginsenosides
Ginseng cont.
 Promotes the release and manufacture of adrenal
hormones against stress.
 Immunostimulatory: -increases RNA & prot synthesis
 - reduces protein degradation
 -enhances antibody production
 -increases interferon production
Ginseng…
 Reduces BP, myocardial necrosis & cholesterol
 Prevents liver damage to ethanol
 Hypoglycaemic & stimulates insulin release
 Inhibits growth of several types of cancers
 -used as adjuvant in tumor chemotherapy.
 -Available in 600mg capsule.
GINKGO
 Consists of dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba
 diminished memory and concentration, increased
absent-mindness, confusion, energy loss, tiredness,
depression, dizziness and tinnitus, dementia including
Alzheimer’s. senility
 -“Cerebral insufficiency” which could lead to dementia
Ginkgo biloba..
 Constituents: ginkgolides e.g. ginkgolide A, B, C, M, J –
diterpenes
 bilobalide- sesquiterpenes,
 flavonoid glyc, flavones, tannins + other phenolics
 Ginkgo has antioxidant, antiplatelet aggregation and
antiinflam activity.
ST. JOHN’S WORT- Hypericum
Hypericum perforatum (Guttiferaceae)
 For mild to moderate depression, anxiety and nervous
unrest
 -Compared with TCA’s- imipramine and fluoxetine
 -Naphthodiathrone pigment hypericin, hyperforin, C16 –
C19 alkanes, pseudohypericin, xanthones, flavonoids
 -Also antiviral-HIV
 H. keniese, H. kiboense, H. lanceolatum, H. roeperatum
GINGER
 -Zingiber officinale rhizome.
 -Compared with conventional drugs as antinausea
and travel sickness
 Nausea from anaesthetic effects after surgery
 -In hyper emesis gravidarum- a severe form of
nausea and vomiting related to pregnancy
 reduce the severity of nausea and the # of vomiting
attacks in cases of early pregnancy-and safe
 -Gingerols and shagoals – Non volatiles,
 essential oils
GARLIC
 Consists of bulbs of Allium sativum.
 -Anti cholesterol and anti thrombotic-inhibit
platelet aggregation
 -Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti tumor
and anti diabetic
 Useful in patients with old or acute myocardial
infarcation.
 - B.P. ,arteriosclerosis
 It helps regulate cholesterol levels and maintain
heart health.
 Sulphur containing - ajoene, allicin, alliin
Milk Thistle
 -Silybum marianum
 prevent liver damage, regenerating cells and large
areas of liver tissue damage.
 treat acute and chronic viral hepatitis B, fatty liver,
cirrhosis and toxin-induced injury,radiation, etc
Milk Thistle…
 Flavolignans- Silymarins
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Silybin
 -Antioxidant-preventing damage to healthy liver
cells and stimulating a regeneration of the
injured liver cells.
Milk Thistle
 Silymarins stands guard on the outer receptor sites
of cells, baring toxins from breaking through fatty
cell membranes and entering cell
 -Neutralizes toxic subs that manage to penetrate
 Stimulates natural antioxidants in the body
 -Stimulates protein synthesis
NEEM TREE (mwarubaine)
 Azadirachta indica
Coastal Neem
 Melia azadiracht – Highland Neem
 Family Meliaceae
 Polvalent medicinal properties. “village doctor”
 Antibacterial and antifungal properties- preparation –
skin preparation including soaps
NEEM
TREE..
 Toothpaste- protect teeth from decay and tooth rot
and gum disorders
 Insecticide – insecticidal + antimoulting (azadractin)
 Antimalarial activity –Boiled leaves (gedunin and
nimbolide)
 Antidiabetic (nimbinin and nimbadiol)
NEEM TREE..
 Leaves - Rx diabetic mellitus and juvenile diabetes
insulin
 Cardiovascular and Nervous activity
 Antifertility-Neem oil exerts spermicidal activity,
reversible
 May also prevent implantation
 Antihelmintic
NEEM TREE..
 Rx ringworm (antifungal) and intestinal worms.
 Increase immune response in mice.
 Stomach ulcers- effective
 Galactologue (increase milk)
 Rx haemorrhoids
 Rx certain cancers
NEEM TREE..
 Increase immune response in mice.
 Stomach ulcers- effective
 Galactologue (increase milk)
 Rx haemorrhoids
 Rx certain cancers
COMPOSITION
 Tetranortriterpenoids
 Azandiractin, gedunin and nimbolide
 Gedunin, gedunin and nimbolide
 Flavonoids
 Limonoids
 Tannin
 Polysaccharides,
 Glycoproteins