Transcript Safety, Sanitation, & First Aid

Safety, Sanitation, & First Aid
Submitted by Callie Parr and used in cooperation with the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign.
The materials that appear in this document may be freely reproduced for
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SAFETY, SANITATION, & FIRST AID, by CALLIE PARR
Materials produced for classroom use in conjunction with permission from the
University of Illinois Agricultural Education Program.
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Safety, Sanitation, &
First Aid
Housekeeping
•
If is smells clean, it is clean.
•Odor control is crucial
•“Would I want my animal to stay
here?”
•
Clean as you go
•No one is too “high up” to clean
up after themselves.
Housekeeping
•
Autoclave
•An appliance that sterilizes
instruments
•
Sharps Container
•A designated contain for needles
and other hazardous materials
Housekeeping
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Cats need a litter pan
•Cleaning should occur morning
and night
•Smaller quarters
•
Remove uneaten food from the
cage in a timely manner
Housekeeping
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Large animal stalls need to be
cleaned daily
Manure on boots and overalls
needs to be left at the door and
cleaned as soon as possible
Safety Hazards
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Animal patients can bite, scratch,
kick
Needles, scalpels, etc can injure
Chemicals, drugs, etc can poison
Urine, feces, medical wastes can
contaminate
Even over exposure to X-Rays
Preventing Accidental Injury
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Most common injuries are bites
Goes back to knowing how to
safely handle animals
Practice makes perfect
Start with easily handled animals
and move to more difficult animals
Assume that an animal will bite
Preventing Accidental Injury
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Learn animals’ body language
Use restraining devices
Do not rely on owners to restrain
animals
Keep pharmaceuticals in locked
cabinets
Keep chemicals clearly labeled
Preventing Accidental Injury
•
MSDS (material safety data sheets)
are published by manufacturers of
all chemicals that outline the
toxicity, special handling
instructions, and first aid steps in
case of contamination
Preventing Disease
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Preventing the spread of disease
from one patient to the next is
crucial
Hand washing is the backbone of
disease prevention
Isolation of infected animals is also
important
Preventing disease
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Feed and water sick animals after
healthy animals
Change smock/scrubs as needed
Wear gloves as often as possible
First Aid
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Bites
•Usually a puncture or laceration
•Control bleeding
•Clean area
•Bandage the wound
•Investigate patient history to
learn of infectious diseases
First Aid
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To control bleeding
•Apply pressure
•Use clean gauze if available
•Apply a bandage
First Aid
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To clean the area
•
To apply a bandage
•iodine tincture
•Hydrogen peroxide
•Make sure it is snug to apply pressure
•Check for feeling and circulation
First Aid
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To control bleeding
•Apply pressure
•Use clean gauze if available
•Elevate the injured area above
the heart
First Aid
•
Broken Bones
•Immobilize the joint above and
below the fracture
•Keep the patient quiet
•Seek doctor care
First Aid
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Chemical burns
•Eliminate the caustic agent
•Flush/wash with large amnts of
water
•Loosely cover the area with a
nonstick dressing
•Monitor the patient for shock
First Aid
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Poisoning (ingestion)
•Eliminate poison
•Follow directions on safety label of
chemical
•Keep patient quiet
•Induce/restrict vomiting
•Monitor and treat symptoms as they
present
First Aid
•
Poisoning (inhalation)
•Eliminate poison by moving to fresh air
•Follow directions on safety label of
chemical
•Restrict movement
•Monitor and treat symptoms as they
present
•DO NOT become a victim yourself
First Aid
•Emergency and nonemergency ailments and
traumas require immediate attention to prevent
serious situations from turning into life
threatening ones
•Some problems, like bleeding that cannot be
stopped or convulsions require the immediate
attention of an expert in veterinary medicine
•Other problems can be treated by the animal's
owner
First Aid Supplies
• Gauze pads
• gauze roll/ bandages
• roll of cloth
• Thermometer
• Tweezers
• hydrogen peroxide
• antibiotic ointment
• Powered Electrolytes
• Vet wrap
• Bute or other animal
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•
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analgesic
Rope (for securing animal)
rags/ rubber tubing for
tourniquet
instant cold pack
Fractured Bones
• Symptoms
– Some bone breaks show obvious symptoms
• twisted or distorted limbs or bone fragments sticking through the skin
• Swelling of the affected area with 24 hours can be expected
from any sort of fracture
• Less apparent breaks cause great pain and discomfort
– Will cry or bite when the affected area is touched
– will lie around, often on the affected area
– will usually not walk, although in some cases it will walk
despite the break
• notably when the pelvis is broken
Fractured Bones
• Treatment
• Treatment of compound fractures by a veterinarian should be
sought as soon as possible
• Other breaks should be treated by a veterinarian within 24
hours
Fractured Bones
• Muzzle animal
• Gently lay animal on a board, wooden door, tarp, etc. padded with
blankets
• Secure animal to the support
• Do not attempt to set the fracture
• If a limb is broken, wrap the leg in cotton padding, then wrap with
a magazine, rolled newspaper, towel or two sticks and secure with
tape
• Splint should extend one joint above the fracture and one joint below
• Make sure wrap does not constrict blood flow.
• If the spine, ribs, hip, etc. appears injured or broken, gently place
the animal on the stretcher and immobilize it if possible
Electrical Burns
• Symptoms
• All burns are painful to the touch
• Electrical burns are the most serious and can cause heart attacks
and death
• The burned area will show seared flesh, reddened skin, lesions, and
blisters
• The animal may suffer respiratory distress
• paleness or blueness in lips, gums, and eyelid linings
• rigidity in limbs
• glassy stare
• Collapse
• and shock
Thermal & Friction Burns
• Thermal burns cause a singed or charred area
• The exposed skin is reddened or inflamed
• The wound is warm or hot to the touch
• Friction burns are similar in appearance to thermal burns,
but the skin is chafed or scraped and has bare spots
• bare skin is rubbed raw
• is reddish in color
• is irritated or inflamed
• may leave cuts, lacerations, or embedded foreign matter
• Treatment
Burns
• Depending on the type and extent of the burn, it can often be
treated at home
• Electrical burns can cause shock and must be treated
immediately by a veterinarian
• if shock occurs, keep the animal warm with heating pads or hot water
bottles and a blanket or heavy coat
• Thermal burns can be treated topically by applying aloe or
vitamin E oil
• Friction burns can be treated topical ointment
• if foreign matter is embedded the animal should be taken to a
veterinarian
• Chemical
burns
• Flush immediately with large quantities of cold water
• Symptoms
Constipation
• The animal struggles or strains during a bowel movement
without passing a stool
• avoids food
• becomes nervous or irritated
• Treatment
• Feed the animal brans, cereal foods, vegetables (peas, carrots,
corn), kibble
• use infant-size glycerine suppositories or soap
• give an enema if the animal will allow it
• add a small amount of stool softener, such as Metamucil,® to
food
• Symptoms
Diarrhea
• The animal passes liquid stool during bowel movement
• there may be abnormal coloration of the stool.
• Treatment
• Remove grease, oils, and milk from the animal's diet
• avoid high-fiber foods, kibble, and dry catmeal
• feed the animal a mix of one part cooked hamburger, drained of
grease, and one part rice
• If diarrhea results from ingestion of foreign matter (from eating
plants, soap, etc.), treat it with small doses of Pepto Bismol
• If symptoms persist for more than 24 hours, or if blood is
present in the stool, consult a veterinarian
Respiratory Infections
• Symptoms
• Sneezing, coughing, runny eyes, swollen glands, difficulty
swallowing, labored breathing, fever
• Treatment
• If symptoms such as sneezing, coughing, and runny eyes are
present but the animal remains active and eats normally, the
condition is probably not serious and no treatment is needed
• If the animal becomes lethargic and loses appetite, there are
discharges of pus from its nose, congestion becomes heavy or
labored breathing is continued, or fever of more than 102
degrees is present consult a veterinarian.
Shock
• Symptoms
• Weakness, collapse, pale or muddy-colored gums, fast
heartbeat, difficulty breathing, no breathing, dilated
pupils, low body temperature
• Treatment.
• Keep the animal warm by applying heating pads or hot
water bottles and wrapping the animal in heavy blankets
or coats
• Bring the animal to a veterinarian at once.
Sprains
• Symptoms
• Occur in the joints
• rapid swelling
• area will be hot to the touch
• The animal will not walk normally, if it walks at all
• Treatment
Sprains
• Apply cold compresses or ice packs gently to the swollen area
• keep the area cool for a day or two
• Wrap the affected area snugly with cloth, gauze, or athletic
bandages
• secure the wrapping to be sure the animal does not scratch or bite it
off
• Keep the animal quiet; discourage activity; avoid stairs
• For sprains that heal and reoccur
• apply hot towels or compresses
• keep the injured area moist and warm for several days
• If a sprain does not heal, or pain and swelling continue or are
severe, see a veterinarian
Wounds
• Symptoms
• Cuts can be recognized by the presence of smoothly
separated tissue and possible bleeding
• Lacerations result in jaggedly torn skin, bleeding,
swelling, irritation, and black or blue discoloration of
the skin
• Abrasions rub or scrape away the outer layers of skin,
causing pain, swelling, redness, and heat
• Bruises or contusions leave black-and-blue tissue and
swelling
Wounds
• Treatment.
– Any serious wound should be treated by a veterinarian if the
bleeding will not stop, if blood is gushing out, or if shock is
present
– Cuts that are bleeding
• Press thick gauze pad over wound. Hold firmly until clotting occurs.
• If bleeding is severe, apply a tourniquet between the wound and the
heart.
• Loosen tourniquet for 20 seconds every 15-20 minutes.
• A tourniquet is dangerous and should only be used in life-threatening
hemorrhaging of a limb. It may result in amputation or disability of the
limb.
Wounds
– clean the wound with hydrogen peroxide/iodine/bedadine
– apply an antiseptic or antibiotic to a gauze square and wrap snugly in place
– Keep the animal as quiet as possible
– Change the dressing daily and keep the animal from removing it
• Lacerations can be treated in the same way as cuts
•
an ice bag must be used to reduce swelling and prevent further
inflammation
• Abrasions require the application of a soothing cream,
•
•
ointment, or lotion
a bandage is not needed
the animal must be kept from licking the treated area
• Bruises and contusions are best treated with cold compresses or
ice packs.
Bleeding (internal)
• Symptoms
• bleeding from nose, mouth, rectum; coughing blood;
blood in urine; pale gums; collapse; rapid or weak pulse.
• Keep animal as warm and quiet as possible
• Seek veterinary attention as soon as possible