Transcript Performance Enhancing Substances

Performance Enhancing
Substances
 Ergogenic Aid – any substance, process,
or procedure which may enhance
performance through improved speed,
strength, response time, or endurance
 Can be physical and chemical
The Desire to Win
 A 1997 SI survey of elite US athletes asked
whether they would take an illegal drug that
guaranteed an Olympic gold medal
- 195 of 198 athletes would take illegal drug
if assured of not being caught
- 50% would take illegal drug even if side
effects were lethal in 5 years
 Ancient Greeks ate mushrooms
 Aztec athletes ate human heart
 1800’s – European cyclists took heroin and
cocaine
 1904 Olympic marathon winner took strychnine
and brandy during the race
 1920 Olympic 100 champ – drank sherry and
raw egg
 1960 Olympics, 1967 Tour De France deaths
from amphetamines
Tom Simpson – amphetamines and alcohol, a
lethal diuretic combination
He reportedly was quoted as saying “If ten pills will kill me, I will take nine”.
- “Ergogenic” – Greek word means “to make
work”
-1889 – Dr. Brown-Sequard injects himself with
extract from dog and guinea pig testicles
- 1905 – hormones discovered
- 1935 – testosterone isolated
- 1950’s – Russian weight lifters receiving
injections
- US physicians develop Dianabol to keep pace
with the Russians – Dr. John Ziegler “the
Godfather of Steroids”
- 1959 – first case of HS athlete taking steroids
 1960’s IOC banned steroid use and testing
begins
 U.S. Cycling team publicly admitted blood
doping
 2000 Olympics
- 27 Chinese athletes removed from team
- Bulgarian and Romanian weight lifting
teams expelled
- USATF – alleged more than 12 positive
tests not reported during the previous 2 years
WADA
 World Anti-Doping Agency
 Established 11/10/99
 Prohibited List – once a substance or
method is prohibited, it becomes
unequivocal, and there is no grey zone
for the athlete or physician.
Steroids
Encompass a wide variety of useful chemicals
and hormones
1. Estrogens and progesterone in birth control
pills
2. Cortisone and prednisone for muscle injury
and asthma
3. Anabolic steroids for men with low hormone
levels, delayed puberty, and body wasting
diseases. Used to treat hypogonadism –
condition in which the testes produce low
testosterone levels.
Common Anabolic
Androgenic Steroids
Lacks methyl group
Ester as prodrug
OH
CH3
OR
OH
H
H
H
HO
H
H
H
O
O
O
Nandrolone Ester
(R = CH3(CH2)8CO)
Testosterone
Methandrostenolone
(dianabol)
OH
CH3
H
H
H
O
Oxymetholone (androle)
O
OH
H
H
O
H
H
O
O
Androstenedione
(Andro)
Oxandrolone
The “Designer” Steroid
• Effective anabolic steroids which
can not be detected in routine
doping tests
• They are designed to remain
unknown to the testers
• The Clear – designed by Patrick
Arnold for BALCO (Bay Area Lab Cooperative)
•
•
Used by Marion Jones and Jason
Giambi
A U.S. sprint coach delivered a syringe
of the Clear t the USADA
Androgenic = masculizing
The primary androgen is
TESTOSTERONE
Anabolic = tissue building
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdJ7HZqD8p8
Routes of Administration
 Orally - by mouth as a form of a pill
 Injection - injected to the muscle by a
needle- intramuscularly (Users of
steroids who shares needles are at a risk
for serious infections such as Hepatitis A
or B and HIV, the AIDS virus)
 Cream or gel - rub on to the muscle area
to where you want to enhance.
Why Abuse Anabolic
Steroids?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Improve athletic performance
To gain muscle mass and/or reduce body fat for
desired physical appearance
Reduce recovery time between periods of strenuous
activity
No proven effect on endurance or stamina
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mxjefR-vdI
Results of Unnatural
Anabolic Steroid Use
In Women:
1. increased muscularity
2. decreased body fat
3. deepening of voice
4. increased facial hair
5. male-pattern balding
6. enlargement of
clitoris
In Men:
1. decreased production
of naturally occurring
testosterone
2. gynecomastia –
breast development
3. testicular atrophy
4. sterility
5. prostate hypertrophy
6. accelerated puberty
in kids
Side Effects in Both Sexes:
1. increase size/mass of muscle
2. acne, increased body hair or baldness
3. premature growth plate closure
4. liver and kidney problems
5. increased cholesterol and triglycerides
6. hypertension, atherosclerosis, blood clotting
7. possible liver cancer
8. tendon damage
.
Anabolic Steroid abusers may take 10 –
100 times higher doses than the doses
used for medical conditions
Stacking – taking 2 or more different
steroids
Who was Lyle Alzado?
- $30,000/year on steroids
and growth hormone
- 1991 diagnosed with brain
cancer
- In his account to Sports Illustrated, Alzado said he began taking anabolic steroids
in college in 1969 and never stopped. "It wasn't worth it," Alzado wrote. "If
you're on steroids or human growth hormone, stop. I should have."
After receiving a radical chemotherapy treatment and contracting pneumonia, Alzado
died on May 14, 1992 at his home in Portland, Ore. The official cause of death
was complications from brain cancer.
Human Growth Hormone
(hGH)
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A protein produced by the pituitary gland
Levels rise after exercise, trauma, sleep
Production peaks at puberty, declines at middle age
Increases muscle size but not proportional strength
Increases strength/size of connective tissue, tendons,
and ligaments
 Cannot detect in urine
 Very expensive – 1 yr supply for hormone deficient
patients = $13,000
 Study of volunteers
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303 received GH injections
137 received placebos
Daily injections for 20 days
Lean body mass increased on average by
4.6 pounds (those that received injections)
 However, no measurable increase in
strength or exercise capacity
 Subjects getting GH – fluid retention and
increased fatigue than placebo group
Excessive hGH secretion:
 During childhood =
gigantism – person is
abnormally tall
 After puberty =
acromegaly – disease
characterized by
widening of bones,
arthritis, organ
enlargement
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ebhf1qKVA9A
Signs of hGH use:
 Increase size/mass
of facial bones,
especially jaw bones
 Space between teeth
 Increase size of
hands and feet
Blood Doping
 Athletes are reinfused with their own Red
Blood Cells (RBC’s) or someone else’s
to temporarily increase the quantity of
RBC’s in the body and therefore the
oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
 Erythropoietin – stimulates production of
new RBC’s, naturally produced in
kidneys
 Ergogenic Effect = increased oxygen
carrying capacity of blood due to
increased RBC’s
 Side Effects:
- thickness of blood
- increase risk of stroke, heart attack,
blood clots
 Hematocrit – measurement of the
percentage of packed RBC’s in a whole
blood sample
USADA – October 10, 2012:
‘The evidence shows beyond any doubt that the
US Postal Service Pro Cycling Team ran the
most sophisticated, professionalised and
successful doping program that sport has ever
seen.”
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7KZxIR1t-o
Herbal Supplements
 Contain plant or plant parts
 Have not been scientifically scrutinized
 Why? Do not have to get approval from
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
 Examples of claims:
Echinacea to prevent colds. Ginkgo to improve memory. Flaxseed to
lower cholesterol
 Are they safe?
 Categorized as Dietary Supplements
 Do not need FDA approval
 Must follow good manufacturing practices
 FDA is responsible for monitoring safety once on
the market
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The FDA requires that the following information be included on the labels
of all herbal supplements:
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The name of the herbal supplement
The name and address of manufacturer or distributor
A complete list of ingredients — either in the Supplement Facts panel or listed beneath it
Serving size, amount and active ingredient
 THESE RULES DO NOT GAURANTEE THAT
HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS ARE SAFE
According to the market report the top 10
best selling herbs in 2011 were, in rank
order:
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Cranberry
Saw palmetto
Soy
Garlic
Gingko
Echinacea
Milk thistle
Black cohosh
St. John's Wort
Ginseng
Stimulants
 Amphetamines:
Adderall
Ritalin
Ephedrine
 Caffeine
Jason Grimsely revealed to federal investigators that
amphetamines were readily available in clubhouses.
“greenies” - “as an antidote for everything from hangovers to
garden-variety fatigue.”
 During the Pittsburgh drug trials in the mid1980s, outfielder John Milner testified that
Willie Mays introduced him to a liquid
amphetamine known as "red juice." More than
a decade later, Tony Gwynn spoke of rampant
amphetamine use in the game, and David
Wells referred to greenies in his book, "Perfect
I'm Not: Boomer on Beer, Brawls, Backaches,
and Baseball."
 Amphetamines have become as much a part of
the clubhouse scene as card games and hot
feet. In a Kansas City Star story, former Royals
outfielder Brian McRae recalled how there
were always two pots of coffee brewing in the
clubhouse -- one conventional and the other
laced with stimulants. "I had to make sure I got
the unleaded," McRae said.
Why Amphetamines?
 Stimulative Effects:
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Wakefullness
Alertness
Decreased sense of fatigue
Decreased appetite
 Acute side effects include:
Increased heart rate, Increased blood pressure, Reduced appetite and
weight loss, Insomnia, Headaches, Convulsions, Hallucinations and
paranoia. Death may also occur due to ruptured blood vessels in the
brain, heart attacks, heart rhythm abnormalities and heatstroke
Can be detected for 2-4 days in urine
Who can use Amphetamines?
 Fighter pilots
 “Go pills” – Dexidrine
 The military says use is
voluntary and pilots may
refuse them
 Caffeine
- increases time to fatigue
- likely beneficial to endurance
- no real strength/power benefit
Doses:
2-5 mg/kg effective
250-500 mg
Cola: 40mg, Coffee: 100mg, Tea: 20100mg, Red Bull: 115mg
Ephedra (Ma Huang)
 Increases alertness and euphoria
 Often stacked with other stimulants such
as caffeine
 Decreased sense of fatigue
 Side Effects:
- dehydration
- loss of thermal autoregulation
- tachycardia – rapid heartbeat
- heat exhaustion and heat stroke
FDA banned sale of ephedra containing
supplements on 4/12/04
Currently banned by the IOC, WADA, NFL,
NBA
 Linked to recent deaths:
- Steve Bechler – Balt. Orioles pitcher
heat stroke temp 108 degrees
Using ephedra and did not eat for 2 days
- Cory Stringer – Minnesota Vikings
was using Ripped Fuel – contains ephedra
- Implicated in a “friendly fire” incident in
Afganistan. As of October 2007, on list
of banned substances for the military
Creatine
 First used in 1992 by British sprinters
 Ergogenic Effect:
increase resting levels of creatine phosphate
so as to regenerate more ATP and delay
fatigue
 Synthesized by liver and pancreas
 Dietary sources – meats and fish
 95% stored in skeletal muscle
- Other than a small weight gain (muscle,
water?), seems to be few short term side
effects other than dehydration and cramping
- Questions remain regarding long term effect on
muscles (heart) and kidneys (Anecdotal)
Steroid Precursors (Prohormones)
 Androstendione (“Andro”)
a potent anabolic-androgenic steroid produced
by the adrenal glands and gonads
Converted by the body into testosterone or
estrone
 DHEA
a weak androgen produced by the adrenal
cortex
converted to androstendione and then
testosterone
Adverse Effects
 Potential male gynecomastia
 Decrease in natural testosterone production
over time
Gregg Valentino
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYlNfv
wFN_I
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58K_J
zRQpRU
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPwh
AMD1He8
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPcvu
PHhIfw