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Outline • • • • • • • • • History Sports How it works Usage Testosterone AAS Stanozolol Trembolone Health hazard’s History • In 1935, the male hormone testosterone was first synthesized. During World War II, German soldiers were reportedly given testosterone to increase their performance and aggressiveness on the battlefield. • In the 1940s testosterone began to be widely used in competitive sports, but the dangers of loading up on testosterone were not yet clear. In the 1952 Olympics, the Russian weightlifting and wrestling teams dominated those sports, at least in part due to synthetic testosterone. History • During the 1970's demand for anabolic-androgenic steroids grew as athletes in speed-dependent sports discovered some of the potential benefits to using anabolic-androgenic steroids. For one thing, the drugs allow athletes to train harder because muscle strains and tears repair themselves faster. • All of this "doping" was against the sports organizations’ rules and against the law. In 1964, the International Olympic Committee first published a list of banned drugs and practices for athletes, but the IOC did not ban steroids until 1975. • In 1988 the sale of anabolic-androgenic steroids for non-medical purposes was illegal under the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. In 1990, possession of anabolic-androgenic steroids without a prescription was made illegal in the U.S. Sports • Anabolic steroids are banned in high-level sporting competitions. Athletes in such competitions are routinely screened for natural and synthetic steroids and metabolites. • Use of testosterone itself is the most difficult to detect, but the ratio of the concentrations of testosterone (17-b OH) to epitestosterone (17-a OH) in the urine is tested. The normal ratio for the epimers in the urine is 1:1, so it is illegal to have a ratio of >6:1 b: a OH testosterone in sporting competions. • Taking testosterone without excercise does not build muscle mass. Steroids only enhance the extent of increased muscle mass in those who train rigorously and strenuously, such as competitive weightlifters. Mechanism • Steroids are carried through the bloodstream bound to a protein to keep them soluble. Since they are lipophyllic, they can traverse cell membranes. Once inside a cell they may bind to a receptor and the complex may then interact with DNA to modulate transcription, turning genes off or on. This will effect protein synthesis • http://www.usatoday.com/news/graphics/ster oids/flash.htm Usages • How are steroids used? • Steroids can be taken in the following two ways: by mouth (pills) or injected with a needle (People who share needles to inject steroids are at risk for serious infections including Hepatitis B and HIV, the AIDS virus.) Taking different kinds of anabolic steroids, possibly along with other drugs, is a particularly dangerous practice. Testosterone • Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In both males and females, it plays key roles in health and well-being. Examples include enhanced libido, energy, immune function, and protection against osteoporosis. On average, the adult male body produces about twenty to thirty times the amount of testosterone that an adult female's body does. • The structure of testosterone contains the notable features of a 17-b-OH (hydroxyl) and a 3-keto group which are necessary for activity. Oxidation of the 17-b-OH to a 17-keto group, or conversion to a 17 a-OH, results in steroids with significantly decreased androgen activity. Likewise, the 3-OH instead of 3-keto group is much less active partly due to increased metabolism. Testosterone • In general, androgens promote protein synthesis and growth of those tissues with androgen receptors. Testosterone effects can be classified as virilizing and anabolic effects, although the distinction is somewhat artificial, as many of the effects can be considered both. • Anabolic effects include growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density and strength, and stimulation of linear growth and bone maturation. • Virilizing effects include maturation of the sex organs, particularly the penis and the formation of the scrotum in fetuses, and after birth (usually at puberty) a deepening of the voice, growth of the beard and auxiliary hair. Many of these fall into the category of male secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone • Over the years, Testosterone has also been given for many other conditions and purposes besides replacement, with variable success but higher rates of side effects or problems. • Examples include infertility, lack of libido or erectile dysfunction, osteoporosis, penile enlargement, height growth, bone marrow stimulation and reversal of anemia, and even appetite stimulation. By the late 1940s testosterone was being touted as an anti-aging wonder drug (e.g., see Paul de Kruif's The Male Hormone). Decline of testosterone production with age has led to a demand for Androgen Replacement Therapy. Testosterone analogs • Testosterone analogs are made to achieve increased oral activity, prolonged action, and selectivity for either anabolic or androgenic activity, but not both. • Testosterone analogs are used in the treatment of hypogonadism, delayed onset of male puberty, and estrogen-dependent breast cancer in females. Testosterone is necessary for a sense of well being and sex drive in both men and women. In women, removal of the ovaries, such as from a total hysterectomy, usually results in a need for testosterone as well as estrogen replacement. Estragen replacement therapies now use a separate dosing of testosterone as needed. Testosterone cream, using testosterone propionate, is a generic only preparation for topical application. Testosterone from the cream is absorbed through mucosal skin to achieve desired effects (used sparingly). What Are AAS ? • Anabolic-androgenic steroids are usually called simply "anabolic steroids." They are synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones (androgens.) The anabolic effects of the drugs promote the growth of skeletal muscle, and the androgenic effects promote the development of male sexual characteristics. • Common street names are as follows: 'roids, juice, hype, or pump. Stanozolol • Stanozolol, commonly sold under the name Winstrol (oral) and Winstrol Depot (intra-muscular), was developed by Winthrop Laboratories in 1962. It is a synthetic anabolic steroid derived from testosterone, and has been approved by the FDA for human use. • Unlike most injectable anabolic steroids, Stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension, or in oral tablet form. The drug has a large oral bioavailability, due to a C17 αalkylation which allows the hormone to survive first pass liver metabolism when ingested. It is because of this that Stanozolol is also sold in tablet form. Non Medical uses for Stanozolol • Like other anabolic steroids, stanolozol is classified as a Schedule III controlled substance under federal regulation. • Used illegally in bodybuilding, typically "stacked" with other testosterone-based anabolic steroids, Stanozolol is liked by many due to the fact it causes strength increases without excess weightgain, promotes increases in vascularity, and will not convert to estrogen. It also does not cause excess water retention, and even sometimes is thought to have a diuretic effect on the body. Trembolone • Trenbolone is a steroid used by veterinarians on livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite. To increase its effective half-life, trenbolone is not used in an unrefined form, but is rather administered as trenbolone acetate Trembolone • No trenbolone compounds have been approved by the FDA for human use, due to a lack of clinical applications and some potential negative sideeffects. It is classified as a Schedule III drug under the Controlled Substances Act. However, bodybuilders have been known to use the drug illicitly in order to increase body mass more effectively than by weight training alone. A normal bodybuilding dosage can range from 200 mg/week up to 1400 mg/week. • Trenbolone compounds have a binding affinity for the androgen receptor three times as high as that of testosterone. Once metabolised, the drugs have the effect of increasing nitrogen uptake by muscles, leading to an increase in the rate of protein synthesis. • The 2006 book Game of Shadows alleges that baseball superstar Barry Bonds used this drug in 2001, when he set the current single-season home run record. Testosterone Trembolone Stanozolol Health Hazards • The major side effects from abusing anabolic steroids can include liver tumors and cancer, jaundice (yellowish pigmentation of skin, tissues, and body fluids), fluid retention, high blood pressure, increases in LDL (bad cholesterol), and decreases in HDL (good cholesterol). Other side effects include kidney tumors, severe acne, and trembling. In addition, there are some gender-specific side effects: • For men: shrinking of the testicles, reduced sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of breasts, increased risk for prostate cancer. • For women: growth of facial hair, male-pattern baldness, changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle, enlargement of the clitoris, deepened voice. • For adolescents: growth halted prematurely through premature skeletal maturation and accelerated puberty changes. This means that adolescents risk remaining short for the remainder of their lives if they take anabolic steroids before the typical adolescent growth spurt. • http://www.usatoday.com/news/graphics/steroids/flash.htm World largest biceps Mr. Synthol - "in honor" of the medication, huge doses of which he injects in his arms. , Gregg Valentino is 169 cm tall, and the volume of his biceps is 58 cm. It took the bodybuilder 23 years of training and liters of steroids to grow his monstrous muscles. In addition, Gregg lost his hair and earned liver cancer because of the medication. Synthol is not a testosterone, and does not contain steroids. It is purely oils that puff up a muscle to make it look like it had been trained hard.