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The United States is a drug culture.
Americans use drugs on a regular basis to
wake up in the morning (coffee and tea),
get through the day (cigarettes), and to
relax at night (alcohol).
Newcomb& Bentler, 1989
Drug Definitions (1)
Illicit Drugs: Drugs whose manufacture,
sale, or possession is illegal.
Licit Drugs: Drugs whose manufacture,
sale, or possession is legal.
Drug Dependence: A condition which an
individual feels a compulsive need to
continue taking a drug. The drug assumes a
central role in the individual’s life.
Drug Definitions (2)
Instrumental Use: Drug use for a specific
purpose other than getting “high”.
Recreational Use: Drug use for the specific
purpose of getting “high” or achieving some
pleasurable effect.
Drug Definitions (3)
Drug Misuse: Drug taking behavior in
which a prescription or nonprescription
drug is used inappropriately.
Drug Abuse: Drug taking behavior
resulting in some form of physical, mental,
or social impairment.
Drugs in the 20th Century
1920’s -Prohibition
1940’s -Antibiotics (Post W.W.II)
1950’s - Antipsychotics Thorazine
-Alcohol and Nicotine increase
-Increase in marijuana, heroin, cocaine
1960’s - increase in all drug use
-Rebellion, defiance
-Mind expansion
Drugs in the 20th Century
1970’s - Heroin addiction/Methadone
-Increase in STD’s
-Increase in Cocaine use (Disco)
-Increase in IV drug use
-First Substance Abuse Treatment
1980’s - HIV, Hepatitis
-Just Say No
-Crack (1985)
-Crystal Meth. (late 1980’s)
Drugs in the 20th Century
1990’s - Decrease in drug use (early 90’s)
-Increase in drug use (late 90’s)
-Crystal Meth. use continues to rise
-Increase in Marijuana Use ( Mid l990’s)
-Marketing of Marijuana Use
-Needle exchange programs
-Raves (MDMA use increase)
-Increase in Heroin Use (Mid 1990’s)
Generational Forgetting
Perceived severity of drug use lowered
Cultural influences
Reduction in prevention and treatment
services
Interdiction VS Treatment
National College Health Risk Behavior Survey
1995
• 68.2% of college students drank at least one
drink during the last 30 days
• Males (72. 9%) drink more than females (64.5%)
• 34.5% of college students drank 5 or more drinks
on one occasion over the last 30 days.
• 32.4% of college students are current tobacco
users
1998 National Household
Survey on Drug Abuse
• Surveyed 25,500 people 12 years and
older
• Results:
– Drop in illicit drug use among adolescents
(12 to 17 years old)
– Drop in marijuana use (9.4% to 8.3%)
– Drop in inahalant use (2% to 1.1%)
1998 National Household
Survey on Drug Abuse
• Alcohol Use
– 52% of people 12 and older reported using
alcohol
– 29.2% reported participating binge drinking
– 10.6% were heavy drinkers
• Tobacco Use
– 1% increase in tobacco use among 18 to 25
year olds (41.6% to 40.6%)
National College Health Risk Behavior Survey
1995
• 14 % of college students report using marijuana
at least once during the last 30 days.
• < 1% of college students report using cocaine at
least once during the last 30 days.
• 2.4 % of college students report using LSD,
Mushrooms, Heroin at least once during the last
30 days
• 9.4 % of collage students report using alcohol
and illegal drug in combination in the last 30
Why Do People Use Drugs
1. To have a good time with my
friends
2. To experiment
3. To feel good, To get high
4. To relax and relieve tension
Risk Factors - Factors in an individual’s
life that increase the likelihood of
involvement with drugs.
Examples
- Peer influence
- Availability of drugs
- Feelings of hopelessness
- Drug use at an early age
- Adults who use drugs
- Low education aspirations
Protective Factors - Factors in an
individual’s life that decrease the
likelihood of involvement with drugs and
reduce the impact that any risk factors
may have.
Examples
- Parental guidance
-Positive educational experience
-Positive peer involvement
-Self Esteem
-Closeness to an adult outside the family
Racial Differences
• Caucasians lead in all areas of substance
use
• Use lower among African Americans than
Caucasians
• Latinos slightly higher use of
Cocaine/Crack/heroin than Caucasions