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Drug Unit Unit 7 in Book Pg. 436 Legal Drug Abuse p.404 & 407 OTC ( Nonprescription Drugs)Relieve signs and symptoms of illness. No prescription needed. OTC drugs are safe if used correctly. OTC drugs can be overused Both OTC & prescription drugs are given two names: generic brand names Both of these have active & inactive ingredients. Examples Pain Relievers- relieves fever, pain and inflammation. 1. Aspirin- can irritate stomach. 2. Tylenol (Acetaminophen) 3. Advil (Ibuprofen)- can irritate stomach. Reye’s Syndrome Caused by the use of aspirin. A rare but often fatal disease. The victims of this disease are often children under the age of 15. Brand vs. Generic p.406 Generic must have same active ingredients as brand name, but has different inactive ingredients. active- ingredients used to relieve symptoms and cure illness. inactive- ingredients put in to add flavor or coloring, no medicinal purposes. Prescription Drugs p.406 Taking prescription medication safely requires that you understand the diagnosis, know what the medicine is being prescribed for, and follow the instructions. Follow recommended guidelines for use, storage, disposal, and replacement of medicines. Require a written medical order. Factors that Change Medicines’ Effects The drug itself Form in which you take the drug (pill, capsule, liquid, spray,cream) Route in which the drug is taken Did you take it with food Age Weight Use of other drugs Ways Drugs are Taken p.405 Orally Injected Using needle, immediate results Goes directly under skin into muscle or blood vessel Intramuscular Most common way Absorbed through stomach and small intestine into bloodstream Injected into muscle Intravenous Injected into vein Inhaled Sniffed Snorted- sniffing drugs through nose absorbed through mucous membranes of nasal passages Can cause damage to nasal passages Absorbed Quick effect, enter blood stream through lungs Enters blood stream through skin or mucous membrane Implanted Placed under the skin where they are released into the bloodstream Drug Testing & Safety - - - Companies must prove that ingredients in medicines are safe and effective before the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows them to sell their product. Scientists study the risks of each drug compared with the benefits. Drugs that carry low risks to health in comparison to their benefits are more desirable in the treatment of disease. Terms Drug- any chemical substance that alters any body system. Drug Use- taking appropriate amounts of a drug for its intended medical purpose. Drug Misuse- taking a legal drug for their intended purpose, but not correctly. - Using another persons prescribed medication. Drug Abuse- taking legal drugs for reasons other than those intended or using controlled substances illegally. - Intentional use of a drug without medical or health reasons. FDA- Food & Drug Administration, federal government agency that monitors the safety and effectiveness of drugs (Supplements do NOT need FDA approval). Medicine- drugs that help cure, lessen severity, relieve symptoms, to prevent disease. Placebo- “sugar pill” psychological Drug Abuse Controlled Drug (Substance)- a drug whose possession, manufacture, distribution, and sale are controlled by law. Risk Factor- something that increases the likelihood of a negative outcome. Protective Factor- something that increases the likelihood of a positive outcome. Dosage Dose- amount taken at one time. 1. Therapeutic- desired results 2. Toxic- poisonous, causes harm 3. Lethal- results in death 4. Overdose- the act of taking a toxic or lethal dose. *Different forms: pill, capsule, liquid, spray, cream, etc. Drug Interactions Antagonistic - reduces/blocks effect Synergistic - multiplies the effects of the drug - when the combination of the drugs is greater then the sum of the two drugs taken alone. Addiction p. 458 Physical - the body’s chemistry actually changes, the body must actually have the drug to be able to function on a normal level. Physical drug addiction always has a psychological effect and a strong mental craving. Psychological - - can occur without a physical addiction. People who never learned to cope with emotional pain often develop psychological addictions to drugs. Strong desire or craving to continue using a drug for emotional reasons (a love for the drug) Drug Schedules Refer to Handout Drug Classifications p.436-449 Narcotics Stimulants Depressant/ Sedative Hallucinogens/Psychedelics Marijuana Inhalants Anabolic Steroids Marijuana Amotivational Syndrome Remains in the body for long periods of time, requires less of it over time to get a high (THC can remain up to 30 days) Examples Hashish (concentrated resin of marijuana) Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Narcotics Reduce pain Slow down central nervous system Examples Heroin- commonly injected, white color, severe physical dependence. Oxycontin Morphine- most powerful legal pain reliever Codeine- found in prescription cough med’s Inhalants Can cause mental confusion, severe brain damage, possible liver, kidney, bone marrow damage, death. Categories Solvents Propellants Nitrous oxide (whippets) Substances intended for medical use Aerosol, gasoline, glue, paint thinner Inhalers Bagging (chemicals sprayed in a bag) Huffing (soaked rag) Hallucinogens / Psychedelics One time use can negatively change mind forever Flashbacks - sudden hallucination long after having used a hallucinogen Examples PCP (found to cause bizarre behavior, suicides, violent acts) LSD ( can be swallowed, sniffed or placed on the tongue to dissolve) Psilocybin (mushrooms) Ketamine (date rape drug, a.k.a. Special K) Ectasy (acts like a stimulant, common at rave parties) Depressant / Sedative Slows down the central nervous system Examples Barbiturates (sudden withdrawal can cause death) Benzodiazapines Tranquilizers (Valium) GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutate) a.k.a. Liquid E Date rape drug Stimulants Speeds up the central nervous system Disguise fatigue Relieve drowsiness Treat hyperactive children Examples Amphetamines (Speed) Methamphetamines (Crystal meth) Ritalin Caffeine (active drug in OTC diet pills, ephedra banned) Anabolic Steroids Cause sterility and baldness in males Increased aggressiveness Liver damage Permanent masculinization of the female Premature ossification in teens Drug Dependency p.458 Continued use of a drug even though it harms the body, mind, and relationships. Symptoms: Withdraw Symptoms: Unpleasant reactions when a person who is physically dependent no longer takes drug. Includes: chills, fever, muscle twitching, nausea, cramps, vomiting Why do People Abuse Drugs? ** People’s natures affect whether they abuse drugs. Why Addictions Occur The Nature of the Person - physical/genetic nature - curiosity -peer pressure -self-esteem B. The Nature of the Drug -Euphoria- a sense of great well-being & pleasure brought on by the drug. A. C. The Consequences from Society - a society or family that tolerates abuse actually encourages it. **The only sure way to escape drug addiction is to never experiment with drugs! Risk Factors that increase a teen’s risk of drug abuse p. 454 - Unable to develop long term goals - Want attention - Friends who use Protective Factors that Reduce the Risk of Drug Use P. 456-457 Warning Signs of Drug Use p. 455 Patterns of Use Experimental - curiosity -social events -often not repeated Occasional -social use -low risk Situational/Recreational - certain activities -used for coping -high risk * recreational is a term made up by drug abusers who claim their drug abuse is not harmful to their health Intense -high doses over time -habit forming -dependence developing Compulsive - out of control -dependence -interferes with family, work, etc. Peer Pressure & Resistance p.462 Drug Use & STD’s p.471& 472 Needles Rape Prostitution Unplanned Pregnancy Abstinence Marijuana THC Amotivational Syndrome Narcotics Heroin Inhalants Bagging Huffing Anabolic Steroids GHB (a.k.a. Liquid E) Depressant/ Sedative Barbiturates Stimulants Ritalin Caffeine Hallucinogens Flashback LSD (acid) PCP Ecstasy (MDMA) Ketamine (a.k.a. Special K) Euphoria