Transcript National Security Policy

National Security
Policymaking
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Video: The Big Picture
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http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED
IA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch18_National_Security_
Policymaking_Seg1_v2.html
Learning Objectives
18.1
18.2
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Identify the major instruments and
actors in making national security
policy
Outline the evolution of and major
issues in American foreign policy
through the end of the Cold War
Learning Objectives
18
18.3
Explain the major obstacles to
success in the war on terrorism
18.4
Identify the major elements of U.S.
defense policy
Learning Objectives
18.5
18.6
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Analyze the evolving challenges for
U.S. national security policy
Assess the role of democratic politics
in making national security policy
and the role of national security
policy in expanding government
Video: The Basics
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http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED
IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_ForeignDefense_v2.html
American Foreign Policy:
Instruments, Actors, and
Policymakers
 Instruments of Foreign Policy
 Actors on the World Stage
 The Policymakers
18.1
Instruments of Foreign Policy
 Military
 War, threat of war
 Economic
 Almost as important as war
 Sanctions, tariffs, regulations
 Diplomatic
 Treaties, summit talks
 First option
18.1
Actors on the World Stage
 International organizations
 United Nations
18.1
UN health programs
18.1
Actors on the World Stage
 Regional organizations
 NATO, EU
 Multinational corporations
 Nongovernmental organizations
 Terrorists
 Individuals
18.1
The Policymakers
 President
 Chief diplomat/Commander in chief
 Treaties, executive agreements
 Diplomats
 State Dept./Secretary of State
 Bureaucratic and intransigent
 National security establishment
 Joint Chiefs of Staff
 Secretary of Defense
 CIA
 Congress
18.1
Foreign policy makers
18.1
18.1 Who’s the president’s main
foreign policy adviser?
a. Secretary of state
b. Secretary of defense
c. Vice president
d. Secretary of war
18.1
18.1 Who’s the president’s main
foreign policy adviser?
a. Secretary of state
b. Secretary of defense
c. Vice president
d. Secretary of war
18.1
American Foreign Policy
Through the Cold War
 Isolationism
 The Cold War
18.2
Isolationism
18.2
 Foreign policy doctrine until World War II
 Monroe Doctrine
FIGURE 18.1: U.S. military interventions in
Central America and the Caribbean since
1900
18.2
Isolationism
18.2
 Foreign policy doctrine until World War II
 League of Nations
 United Nations
The Cold War
 Containment
 Stop spread of communism
 Brinkmanship
 Arms race/MAD
18.2
Berlin Wall
18.2
The Cold War
 Vietnam War
 Era of détente
 Reagan rearmament
 Final thaw in the Cold War
18.2
Berlin Wall falls
18.2
18.2 Why didn’t the U.S. join the
18.2
League of Nations?
a. President Wilson refused to sign the treaty
b. The U.S. was not invited to join
c. The Senate refused to ratify the treaty
d. The U.S. did join the League of Nations
18.2 Why didn’t the U.S. join the
18.2
League of Nations?
a. President Wilson refused to sign the treaty
b. The U.S. was not invited to join
c. The Senate refused to ratify the treaty
d. The U.S. did join the League of Nations
Video: In Context
18.2
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED
IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg3_ForeignDefense_v2.html
American Foreign Policy and
the War on Terrorism
 Spread of Terrorism
 Afghanistan and Iraq
18.3
Spread of Terrorism
18.3
 9/11 not first attack
 Difficult to defend against in open society
 Stealth, surprise, willingness to die
 Improved security and intelligence
 Clash with civil liberties
18.3
Afghanistan and Iraq
 U.S. declares war on terrorism
 Axis of evil
 Iran, Iraq, North Korea
 Nation building
 Anti-American sentiments
18.3
18.3 Why haven’t we yet won the war
18.3
on terror?
a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists,
despite the killing of Osama bin Laden
b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it
enjoys high-level government support
c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the
Muslim world due to U.S. military action in
the Middle East
d. All of the above
18.3 Why haven’t we yet won the war
18.3
on terror?
a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists,
despite the killing of Osama bin Laden
b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it
enjoys high-level government support
c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the
Muslim world to due to U.S. military action
in the Mid East
d. All of the above
Video: In the Real World
18.3
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED
IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg5_ForeignDefense_v2.html
Defense Policy
 Defense Spending
 Personnel
 Weapons
 Reforming Defense Policy
18.4
Defense Spending
 Guns v. butter
 Is there a trade-off?
 Ideological disputes
 Where the real guns v. butter battle takes place
 Peace dividend v. jobs
18.4
FIGURE 18.2: Trends in defense spending
18.4
Personnel
 Large standing military




1.4 million active duty
847,000 National Guard and reserves
300,000 deployed abroad
National Guard maintains national security
18.4
FIGURE 18.3: Size of the armed forces
18.4
Weapons
 Nuclear weapons
 ICBMs
 Submarine-launched ballistic missiles
 Strategic bombers
 Weapons are expensive
 $2 billion to build a stealth bomber
 $5.5 trillion
 Arms reduction treaties
18.4
INF treaty
18.4
Reforming Defense Policy
 Changing nature of threats
 Lighter, faster, more flexible
 Better intelligence
 Increased use of Special Forces
18.4
18.4 How many active duty troops
does the U.S. currently maintain?
a. 847,000
b. 562,000
c. 1.4 million
d. 1.2 million
18.4
18.4 How many active duty troops
does the U.S. currently maintain?
a. 847,000
b. 562,000
c. 1.4 million
d. 1.2 million
18.4
Explore Foreign and Defense
Policy: How Much Does
America Spend on Defense?
18.4
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_edwards_mpslgi
a_16/pex/pex18.html
The New National Security
Agenda
 Changing Role of Military Power
 Nuclear Proliferation
 International Economy
 Energy
 Foreign Aid
18.5
Changing Role of Military
Power
 Soft power versus hard power
 Humanitarian interventions
 Increasingly necessary
 Violate sovereignty
 Can cost American lives
 Economic sanctions
 Influence behavior without force
 Cut off aid, trade embargoes
 Mixed record of success
18.5
Nuclear Proliferation
 9 nuclear powers
 United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India,
Pakistan, North Korea, Israel
 How to prevent more?
 Special concerns about Iran, North Korea, Pakistan
18.5
FIGURE 18.4: The spread of nuclear weapons
18.5
The International Economy
18.5
 Interdependency
 International Trade
 Globalization of financial markets
 Nontariff barriers to trade
 Balance of Trade
 What we buy from them versus what they buy from us
 $558 billion deficit in 2011
McDonaldization
18.5
Energy
 OPEC has us over a barrel (of oil)
 Dependence on foreign oil
 Trade embargo
 Middle East controls world’s oil reserves
 Saudi Arabia 25%
 Kuwait 10%
 U.S. imports 50% of oil it uses
18.5
Foreign Aid
 Developing world
 Humanitarian
 Stabilization
 Access to raw materials
 Forms of foreign aid




Grants, credits, loans, loan forgiveness
Military assistance
Agricultural assistance
Medical care
 Unpopular
18.5
18.5 What percentage of GDP is
spent on economic and humanitarian
foreign aid?
a. 3%
b. 5%
c. 1%
d. 10%
18.5
18.5 What percentage of GDP is
spent on economic and humanitarian
foreign aid?
a. 3%
b. 5%
c. 1%
d. 10%
18.5
Explore the Simulation: You Are
the President of the United States
During a Foreign Policy Crisis
18.5
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_longman_media
_1/2013_mpsl_sim/simulation.html?simulaURL=20
Understanding National
Security Policymaking
 National Security Policymaking and
Democracy
 National Security Policymaking and the
Scope of Government
18.6
Video: Thinking Like a
Political Scientist
18.6
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED
IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg4_ForeignDefense_v2.html
National Security
Policymaking and Democracy
18.6
 Are international relations undemocratic?
 Citizens not as interested or knowledgeable
 Decision makers unelected
 Policymakers responsive in long run
 Democracies rarely go to war
 Congress holds purse strings
 Pluralism is pervasive
Bureaucracy and the Scope of
Government
 Superpower status




War on terror
World’s policeman
Globalization
Global warming
 2 million employed in Dept. of Defense
18.6
18.6 Why is foreign policy considered
undemocratic?
a. Policymakers not elected
b. Public not as knowledgeable
c. Congress plays smaller role
d. All of the above
18.6
18.6 Why is foreign policy considered
undemocratic?
a. Policymakers not elected
b. Public not as knowledgeable
c. Congress plays smaller role
d. All of the above
18.6
Discussion Questions
How has national security policy evolved
since World War II? What effects did the
end of the Cold War and the
commencement of the war on terrorism
have on national security policy?
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Video: So What?
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http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED
IA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch18_National_Security_
Policymaking_Seg6_v2.html
Further Review:
On MyPoliSciLab
 Listen to the Chapter
 Study and Review the Flashcards
 Study and Review the Practice Tests
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